Toward a measure of achievement press in educational settings. ESRI Memorandum Series no. 85

Raven, John and Handy, Ruth (1971) Toward a measure of achievement press in educational settings. ESRI Memorandum Series no. 85. [Policy Paper]

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Abstract

Since Murray (1938) put forward his theory of motivation, a number of authors have attempted to develop measures, not only of individual needs, but also of environmental press toward various behaviour patterns. Authors explicitly using this model have included Stern (1962) and Bergthold (1971). Other authors have used the model in organizational settings (Litwin and Stringer, 1968). Still other authors have used a general framework of classroom climate, school climate or organizational or community climate. The focus of Stern’s investigations, and the investigations of school climate (Coleman, 1961) and organizational climate (Likert, 1967) has been on a general description of the press in schools and organizations, rather than on measures of press relating primarily to achievement. Nevertheless it is clear that achievement is a primary unwritten concern of many authors, particularly those concerned with organizational development. The focus of our present studies is not so much to describe the overall press in educational settings, but to examine, in some detail, the press toward achievement affiliation, and power behaviours among pupils.

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