EUROPEANISATION OF REFERENCE GROUPS? ESRI Research Bulletin 2009/3/2

Whelan, Christopher T. and Maitre, Bertrand (2009) EUROPEANISATION OF REFERENCE GROUPS? ESRI Research Bulletin 2009/3/2. UNSPECIFIED.

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Abstract

Townsend’s (1979, p. 31) seminal definition of poverty as “…exclusion from ordinary living patterns, customs and activities due to lack of resources…” involves implicit reference to the role of reference groups In much of the debate on such issues, reference groups are thought of as being within the nation-state. The recent enlargement of the EU and the profound social and economic changes associated with it has provoked a debate as to whether broader, Europe-wide reference groups are becoming more important. The answers to such questions have a significant influence on our understanding of processes of social exclusion and are explored by Chris Whelan and Bertrand Maitre in two recent articles.**

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