2024-03-28T17:13:04Zhttp://aei.pitt.edu/cgi/oai2
oai:aei.pitt.edu:197
2011-02-15T22:14:56Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303136
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:69646F7067:69646F706768646F63
74797065733D64697363757373696F6E7061706572
ASEAN and the European Union: A Bumpy Interregional Relationship. ZEI Discussion Papers: 2001, C 95
Rüland, Jürgen
regionalism, international
historical development of EC (pre-1986)
EU-Asia-general
[Introduction]. Although diehard realists still view the nation state as the main actor in an anarchical international environment, its dominant role has come under siege. Analysts inspired by neoliberal and institutionalist thinking hold against realists that globalization has shaped an international system in which interdependence and cooperation have fostered the rise of new influential actors such as inter- and transnational organizations. It is thus no accident that there is a rapidly growing literature which treats international institutions both as a dependent as well as an independendent variable of state behavior. Regional organizations, proliferating in the past two decades, have been a particular focus of this research. While there exists now considerable knowledge on the genesis, evolution, efficiency and legitimacy of such regional organizations and, vice versa, their impact on the behavior of nation states, scholars have neglected the fact that regional organizations are developing their own external relations and becoming actors in their own right (Cremona 1998; Ginsberg 1999). While the European Union (EU) is spearheading these developments, other regional organizations such as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), Mercosur, the Andean Community, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), the Southern African Development Community (SADC) and the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), to name only a few, are busily developing their own interregional networks. Dating back to the early 1970s, ASEAN-EU relations have been spearheading this novel trend. As the perhaps most advanced interregional relationship, thirty years of ASEAN-EU cooperation provide a rich empirical base for evaluating the achievements of these ties. For this purpose an analytical framework highlighting five major functions of interregionalism will be developed in the next section. Viewed from different theoretical angles, it attaches to interregionalism balancing, institution-building, rationalizing, agenda-setting and identity-building functions. While the extent to which these functions can be identified in the ASEAN-EU relationship provides us with more systematic insights into the latter’s substance, our analytical framework transcends ASEAN-EU relations. It permits us to offer some still tentative answers to the theoretically more challenging issue in what way interregional fora contribute to an emergent structure of global governance. Are they forming nodal points of international relations, thereby facilitating a division of labor among international institutions? Or are they part of what Reinecke calls a "loose set of crossnational policy patchworks, conspicuous for their missing links and unnecessary overlaps" (Reinecke 1998:10)? Although a case study like the one presented here is hardly able to provide exhaustive answers to such farreaching questions, they will nevertheless be reconsidered in the concluding section of this paper. The preceding two sections, discussing the empirical material, subdivide ASEAN-EU relations into two major periods: the first covering the period until the end of the Cold War (1972-1990), the second focussing on the postbipolar era (1990-2001).
2001
Discussion Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/197/1/dp_c95_rueland.pdf
Rüland, Jürgen (2001) ASEAN and the European Union: A Bumpy Interregional Relationship. ZEI Discussion Papers: 2001, C 95. [Discussion Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/197/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:208
2011-02-15T22:14:58Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303232
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
74797065733D64697363757373696F6E7061706572
Regionalbildungsansätze in Lateinamerika und ihr Vergleich mit der Europäischen Union = Principles of Regional Integration in Latin America in Comparison to the European Union. ZEI Discussion Papers: 2000, C 73
Vera-Fluixa, Ramiro Xavier
regionalism, international
EU-Latin America
[From the Introduction]. Ebenso wie sich Verbindungen in der Geschichte Lateinamerikas und Europas beobachten lassen, ist es möglich, Verbindungen und wechselseitige Einflüsse in der Evolution der regionalen Integrationsprozesse Lateinamerikas und Europas, in deren Prämissen und Mechanismen festzustellen. Versuchte man, die Evolution von regionalen Integrationsprozessen anhand einer Linie darzustellen, würden die Integrationslinien von Europa und Lateinamerika – und dies seit seinen Anfängen – konstante Verschränkungen gemeinsamer Charakteristiken und Intervalle wechselseitiger Einflüsse bekunden, gefolgt von ständigen Entfremdungen und Abweichungen sowie von einem parallelen Verlaufen, um dann wieder auf einen gemeinsamen Begegnungspunkt zurückzukehren. Es insofern nicht zufällig, daß die ersten Vorstellungen einer kontinentalen Integration Lateinamerikas zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts als Reaktion auf die Schwäche der kolonialen Mächte der iberischen Halbinsel auftraten; oder auch daß der Panamerikanismus am Ende des 19. und Anfang des 20. Jahrhunderts als hemisphärische Sicherheitsgarantie gegenüber den politischen Ereignissen in Europa aus der Taufe gehoben wurde; oder daß der europäische Integrationsprozeß, dessen institutionelle Strukturen und rechtliches Regelwerk alternative Organisationsmodelle der Regionalbildung in Lateinamerika (z.B. Andenparlament und Europäisches Parlament) begründeten. Aktion in Europa und Reaktion in Lateinamerika sind insofern zwei kontinuierlich feststellbare Phänomene. Dennoch verzeichnen die unterschiedlichen geographisch-kulturellen Charakteristika sowie die unterschiedliche politische Evolution beider Kontinente – u.a. Unabhängigkeitswelle in Lateinamerika, Weltkriege in Europa – deutliche Differenzen in den politischen Ausgangsbedingungen, den Instrumenten und Mechanismen regionaler Integration.
2000
Discussion Paper
PeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/208/1/dp_c73_vera.pdf
Vera-Fluixa, Ramiro Xavier (2000) Regionalbildungsansätze in Lateinamerika und ihr Vergleich mit der Europäischen Union = Principles of Regional Integration in Latin America in Comparison to the European Union. ZEI Discussion Papers: 2000, C 73. [Discussion Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/208/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:316
2011-02-15T22:15:11Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303136:4430303230313643656E7472616C41736961
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
74797065733D64697363757373696F6E7061706572
Die EU als Modell für die zentralasiatische Integration? = The EU as a Model for Central Asian Integration? ZEI Discussion Papers: 1999, C 29
Laumulin, Murat T.
Central Asia
regionalism, international
[From the Introduction]. Diese Arbeit widmet sich der Betrachtung derjenigen politischen und ökonomischen Veränderungen im heutigen Zentralasien, welche den Aufbau einer lebensfähigen und integrativen Union in dieser Region beeinflussen. Ihnen muß Beachtung geschenkt werden, denn sie bilden bereits heute die Parameter für die zukünftige politische und sozio-ökonomische Integration. Das heutige Zentralasien, das in der sowjetischen Zeit als Mittelasien bezeichnet wurde, besteht aus fünf ehemaligen Sowjetrepubliken, welche 1991 zu unabhängigen Staaten wurden: Kasachstan, Kirgistan, Tadschikistan, Turkmenistan und Usbekistan. Von diesen fünf Staaten nehmen bisher jedoch nur drei aktiv an einer regionalen Integration teil. Im Laufe dieser Entwicklung schufen Kasachstan, Kirgistan und Usbekistan im Jahre 1994 die Zentralasiatische Union. Tadschikistan trat später dieser Union bei, allerdings nur mit Beobachterstatus. Aus geographischer und historischer Perspektive war Zentralasien immer eine homogene Kultur- und Zivilisationsgemeinschaft. In früheren Blütezeiten war die Region als Turan, Mawerennaher, Mogulistan oder Descht-i-Kiptschak bekannt. Seit dem 19. Jahrhundert wurde sie sowohl in der russischen als auch in den westlichen Sprachen als Turkestan bezeichnet. Nach der russischen Revolution von 1917 und dem darauffolgenden Bürgerkrieg wurde die Region in autonome Gebiete aufgeteilt, aus denen später die fünf Sowjetrepubliken hervorgingen. Schon immer hatten sich die politischen und kulturellen Eliten aber auch die Mehrheit der Bevölkerung Zentralasiens als Angehörige einer spezifischen zentralasiatischen Kultur identifiziert. Daher erscheint es verständlich, daß nach der Unabhängigkeit dieser Staaten der Gedanke einer aus historischen, ökonomischen und politischen Gründen notwendigen zentralasiatischen Vereinigung diskutiert wurde. Ein naheliegendes und vor allem erfolgreiches Beispiel regionaler Integration ist die Europäische Union. Insofern liegt es nahe, daß die EU als Modell für die angestrebte zentralasiatische Integration betrachtet wird.
1999
Discussion Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/316/1/dp_c29_laumulin.pdf
Laumulin, Murat T. (1999) Die EU als Modell für die zentralasiatische Integration? = The EU as a Model for Central Asian Integration? ZEI Discussion Papers: 1999, C 29. [Discussion Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/316/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:322
2011-02-15T22:15:11Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303232
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
74797065733D64697363757373696F6E7061706572
Principios de Integración Regional en América Latina y su análisis comparativo con la Unión Europea = Principles of regional integration in Latin America in comparison to the European Union. ZEI Discussion Papers: 2000, C 73
Vera-Fluixa, Ramiro Xavier
regionalism, international
EU-Latin America
Al igual que los lazos comunes existentes en la historia de América Latina y Europa1, es posible observar lazos comunes, nexos, influencias y determinantes mutuas en la evolución misma de ambos procesos de integración regional, de sus principios y mecanismos. En efecto, si fuese tan fácil representar el fenómeno de la integración regional a través de una línea, las líneas de la integración de Europa y de América Latina atestiguarían, inclusive desde sus comienzos, un constante entrecruzamiento de características comunes, intervalos de influencias mutuas, seguidos contínuamente de alejamientos y desviaciones, del correr paralelo, para volver a confluir en un nuevo punto de encuentro. De tal modo, no es casual que los primeros idearios de integración continental de América Latina a principios del siglo XIX surjan como reacción a la posibilidad única dada por el debilitamiento de la península ibérica y sus potencias colonizadoras; o que el Panamericanismo de fines del siglo XIX y comienzos de siglo XX reaccione como garantía hemisférica ante los sucesos políticos europeos; o, mucho más tarde ya, que el proceso de integración europea, sus estructuras institucionales y ordenamientos jurídicos constituyan modelos alternativos de organización regional en América Latina (Parlamento Andino y Parlamento Europeo, por ej.). Acción en Europa y reacción en América Latina son así dos fenómenos contínuamente constatables – como así también las características comunes que surgen de dicha influencia. No obstante, la distinta evolución política de ambas regiones – considerando inicialmente la ola independentista en Latinoamérica, o más tarde, las Guerras Mundiales en Europa– y las características geográficoculturales propias de cada continente, marcan claras diferencias en cuanto a las circunstancias, situación política, instrumentos y mecanismos disponibles para la integración regional.
2000
Discussion Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/322/1/dp_c73_vera.span.pdf
Vera-Fluixa, Ramiro Xavier (2000) Principios de Integración Regional en América Latina y su análisis comparativo con la Unión Europea = Principles of regional integration in Latin America in comparison to the European Union. ZEI Discussion Papers: 2000, C 73. [Discussion Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/322/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:338
2011-02-15T22:15:13Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303136:44303032303136536F75746841736961
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:69646F7067:69646F706768646F63
74797065733D64697363757373696F6E7061706572
EU - SAARC: Comparisons and Prospects of Cooperation. ZEI Discussion Papers: 1998, C 15
Bhargava, Kant K.
regionalism, international
historical development of EC (pre-1986)
South Asia
[Introduction]. The very title of this essay implies a certain exercise in comparisons and forecasts. Comparisons can be odious. Forecasts may at times go wrong, but they are starting points for understanding and planning processes. In the present age of information technology, where events may, in comparison to the past, telescope time, a searching look into the distant future is a practical necessity in the realm of possibility. An innovative approaches to Europe-South Asia relations may become apparent against the backdrop of a sufficiently long span of time and in the context of comparisons between the European Union (EU) and the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC). This Paper covers: A brief comparative History of important developments in Europe and South Asia over last three centuries; Europe and South Asia on the eve of the twenty-first century; Comparisons between EU and SAARC; Cooperation possibilities between EU-SAARC; Parameters of a compact between EU-SAARC.
1998
Discussion Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/338/1/dp_c15_bhargava.pdf
Bhargava, Kant K. (1998) EU - SAARC: Comparisons and Prospects of Cooperation. ZEI Discussion Papers: 1998, C 15. [Discussion Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/338/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:385
2011-02-15T22:15:27Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:64303032627372
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:676C6F62616C69736174696F6E676C6F62616C697A6174696F6E
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303037
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
Regional Cooperation in Global Perspective. The case of the "mediterranean" regions. JMWP No. 04.96, December, 1996
Attina, Fulvio
EU-Black Sea region
regionalism, international
EU-Mediterranean/Union for the Mediterranean
globalisation/globalization
[From the Introduction]. The paper is divided in six parts. The first one deals with the issue of continuity and discontinuity in the political organization of the world. Globalization and regionalism are the object of the second and third part. Two specific types of regions are reviewed: the "mediterranean" regions and the so-called zones of peace, that is the most advanced stage of region cooperation. Two cases of mediterranean cooperation programmes - the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership and the Black Sea Economic Cooperation - are presented in the fifth part of the paper. The interplay of regionalism and globalization is esamined in the sixth part. The paper ends with an invitation to consider the current European pattern of cooperation as a model to the two contiguous mediterranean regions by diffusion and by demonstration.
Barbagallo, Valentina
1996-12
Working Paper
PeerReviewed
text/html
http://aei.pitt.edu/385/1/jmwp04.htm
Attina, Fulvio (1996) Regional Cooperation in Global Perspective. The case of the "mediterranean" regions. JMWP No. 04.96, December, 1996. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/385/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:418
2011-02-15T22:15:34Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303032
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303037
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
Security cooperation at the regional level: from opposed military alliances to security partnerships. Is the Mediterranean region on the right track? JMWP No. 45.02, October 2002
Attina, Fulvio
common foreign & security policy 1993--European Global Strategy
regionalism, international
EU-Mediterranean/Union for the Mediterranean
The paper analyses the Euro-Mediterranean cooperation process within the perspective of the new regionalism studies. In particular, it deals with regional partnership building on security issues. In the first section, the concept of regional security partnership is defined. In the second and third sections, the security arrangement of Europe as regional security partnership is placed in the wider context of the change of security cooperation in the world system, and data on European and Mediterranean security cooperation are analyzed. The successive sections deal with the problems of security partnership building in the framework of the Barcelona Process. These sections and the concluding remarks give the responsibility for the suspension of security negotiation in the region to the difference of security culture on the two Mediterranean shores.
Barbagallo, Valentina
2002-10
Working Paper
PeerReviewed
text/html
http://aei.pitt.edu/418/1/jmwp45.htm
Attina, Fulvio (2002) Security cooperation at the regional level: from opposed military alliances to security partnerships. Is the Mediterranean region on the right track? JMWP No. 45.02, October 2002. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/418/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:594
2011-02-15T22:15:51Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
I Processi di Integrazione Regionale nella Politica Internazionale Contemporanea = The Process of Regional Integration in Contemporary International Politics. JMWP No. 41.02, May 2002
Attina, Fulvio.
regionalism, international
[From the Introduction]. Il sistema mondiale contemporaneo è il primo sistema internazionale che conosce processi di organizzazione politica a livello macro-sistemico e a livello micro-sistemico o regionale. L’organizzazione dei sistemi politici regionali assume forme e contenuti diversi che vanno dalla cooperazione al conflitto. L’esistenza di processi integrativi appare caratterizzare alcune regioni più di altre e si manifesta in un numero crescente di regioni. Per questa ragione, gli studiosi di politica si occupano crescentemente di questo fenomeno e hanno posizioni diverse riguardo all’intensità del fenomeno stesso. Questo studio osserva diversi aspetti dell’integrazione regionale e si pone l’interrogativo della comparazione dei processi integrativi regionali. In particolare, esso si occupa di quattro argomenti: il regionalismo nell’analisi politica internazionale, l’unità del sistema politico mondiale e la divisione in teatri regionali, l’oggetto della comparazione dei processi integrativi regionali e i sistemi regionali di sicurezza.
Barbagallo, Valentina.
2002-05
Working Paper
PeerReviewed
text/html
http://aei.pitt.edu/594/1/jmwp41.htm
Attina, Fulvio. (2002) I Processi di Integrazione Regionale nella Politica Internazionale Contemporanea = The Process of Regional Integration in Contemporary International Politics. JMWP No. 41.02, May 2002. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/594/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:599
2011-02-15T22:15:53Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:696E7465726E6174696F6E616C7472616465
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303130
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
Regionalism, Competition Policy and Abuse of Dominant Positions. EIPA Working Paper 98/W/01, May 1998
Bilal, Sanoussi
Olarreaga, Marcelo
regionalism, international
international trade
competition policy
Co-ordination of competition policies within regional trade agreements (RTAs) seems desirable, especially within deeper forms of regional integration. This contributes to a healthy and stable regional trading system. We argue, however, that regional competition policies should be carefully elaborated not to neglect efficiency considerations linked to economies of scale/scope within a regional liberalisation program, in particular, in the case of dominant positions. We also suggest that, in the short term, a less stringent approach to competition policy should be adopted in RTAs among developing countries where market failures may be due not only to imperfect competition but also to credit and labour market constraints.
1998-05
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/599/1/98w01.pdf
Bilal, Sanoussi and Olarreaga, Marcelo (1998) Regionalism, Competition Policy and Abuse of Dominant Positions. EIPA Working Paper 98/W/01, May 1998. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/599/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:1436
2011-02-15T22:18:35Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303033
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303232
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303132
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303339:74706A6861706A63636D696D6D6967726174696F6E706F6C696379
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303038
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303330
74797065733D706F6C6963797061706572
Lessons of European Integration for the Americas
Anderson, Sarah
Canavagh, John.
regional policy/structural funds
regionalism, international
cohesion policy
development
EU-Latin America
general
EU-US
immigration policy
agriculture policy
environmental policy (including international arena)
As criticism mounts in the Americas over what many perceive to be an overly narrow approach to integration, there is growing interest among political leaders and citizen groups to learn more from the most advanced regional integration project in the world: the European Union. This report draws lessons from the European experience that may be relevant for the debate over the proposed Free Trade Area of the Americas in five issue areas: development funds, migration, agriculture, social and environmental standards, and public participation.
2004-02
Policy Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/msword
http://aei.pitt.edu/1436/1/Lessons_of_European_Integration_for_the_Americas.doc
text/html
http://aei.pitt.edu/1436/2/eulessons/EUlessons.pdf
Anderson, Sarah and Canavagh, John. (2004) Lessons of European Integration for the Americas. [Policy Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/1436/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:1640
2011-02-15T22:19:26Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:676C6F62616C69736174696F6E676C6F62616C697A6174696F6E
74797065733D64697363757373696F6E7061706572
Welche Grenzen setzt die Globalisierung der europäischen Integration? = What Boundaries does Globalization set for European Integration? ZEI Discussion Paper: 2003, C 117
Kühnhardt, Ludger.
regionalism, international
globalisation/globalization
No abstract.
2003
Discussion Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/1640/1/dp_c117_kuehnhardt.pdf
Kühnhardt, Ludger. (2003) Welche Grenzen setzt die Globalisierung der europäischen Integration? = What Boundaries does Globalization set for European Integration? ZEI Discussion Paper: 2003, C 117. [Discussion Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/1640/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:1648
2011-02-15T22:19:28Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303037
74797065733D626F6F6B
"New Wine, Old Bottles, or both?: Regional Integration in the Mediterranean." In EURO-MED INTEGRATION AND THE 'RING OF FRIENDS': THE MEDITERRANEAN'S EUROPEAN CHALLENGE, VOL. IV"
Moxon-Browne, Edward.
regionalism, international
EU-Mediterranean/Union for the Mediterranean
No abstract.
European Documentation and Research Centre
Xuereb, Peter G.
2003
Book
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/1648/1/Edward_Moxon%2DBrowne.pdf
Moxon-Browne, Edward. (2003) "New Wine, Old Bottles, or both?: Regional Integration in the Mediterranean." In EURO-MED INTEGRATION AND THE 'RING OF FRIENDS': THE MEDITERRANEAN'S EUROPEAN CHALLENGE, VOL. IV". Series > University of Malta, Institute for European Studies > Euro-Med Integration and the 'Ring of Friends': The Mediterranean's European Challenge - Vol. IV <http://aei.pitt.edu/view/series/SN001.html> . European Documentation and Research Centre, pp. 85-100.
http://aei.pitt.edu/1648/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2019
2011-02-15T22:20:54Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032696E7465726E6174696F6E616C65636F6E6F6D79
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303136
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
Open Regionalism Going Global: APEC and the New Transatlantic Economic Partnership. Pacific Economic Paper No. 286, December 1998
Elek, Andrew.
international economy
regionalism, international
EU-Asia-general
EU-US
Since 1996, the European Union (EU) has launched several significant initiatives which seek to forge closer economic partnerships with various APEC participants. The 1996 Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) initiative has now been followed by the launch of a new Transatlantic Economic Partnership (TEP) to be forged between the EU and the United States. These links will influence the evolution of APEC, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) as well as the potential Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA). This combination of initiatives could contribute towards the gradual emergence of a global marketplace. On the other hand, since the EU and APEC have adopted very different models of cooperation, these new experiments in inter-regional economic cooperation could also lead to new tensions within existing regional groups. The TEP represents a new approach to the EU’s economic relations with the rest of the world. It does not propose yet another traditional, preferential ‘free trade area” and deals with issues other than the reduction of border barriers to trade. The proposal also indicates clear awareness of the need for the TEP to co-exist and complement other international economic institutions. This combination of features creates an opportunity to encourage the leaders of both APEC and the EU to adopt some new guiding principles for the nature of new cooperative arrangements among groups of economies. Such principles would seek to ensure that new cooperative arrangements among economies were ‘open clubs’ which took adequate account of the interests of others; these principles can build on and generalise the fundamental principles of the World Trade Organisation (WTO)as well as on APEC’s principles of open regionalism, as expressed in the 1995 Osaka Action Agenda. They will also need to be applicable to the full range of international economic transactions, which now extend far beyond trade in goods and services. This paper proposes a set of guiding principles to facilitate closer economic integration among groups of economies are proposed in this paper; under the headings of: WTO-consistency, transparency, non-discrimination, accession and review.
1998-12
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2019/1/pep%2D286.pdf
Elek, Andrew. (1998) Open Regionalism Going Global: APEC and the New Transatlantic Economic Partnership. Pacific Economic Paper No. 286, December 1998. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/2019/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2026
2011-02-15T22:20:55Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303033:44303033303033
7375626A656374733D44:44303033:436F6E7374346575726F7065
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:676C6F62616C69736174696F6E676C6F62616C697A6174696F6E
74797065733D64697363757373696F6E7061706572
The Global Proliferation of Regional Integration. European Experience and Worldwide Trends. ZEI Discussion Paper C 136, 2004
Kühnhardt, Ludger.
Constitution for Europe
regionalism, international
globalisation/globalization
European Convention
On June 18, 2004 the European Council reached a compromise on the first European constitution. Notwithstanding the inherent unpredictability of the ratification process that might last well into 2006, the European Union has begun a new chapter in its history. Almost fifty years after the conclusion of the Treaties of Rome on March 26, 1957, this stage constitutes the "second founding moment" of Europe. American historian Joseph Ellis has coined this term to characterize the completion of the American constitution in 1787, about half a generation after the United States had gained her independence in 1776. In the US, the work of the "Founding Fathers" was followed by the success of the "Founding Brothers". It would probably seem more appropriate to talk about the constitution-makers as "Founding Brethren". But the issue of whether or not the work of the members of the European Convention that worked out the European Constitution between 2000 and 2002 will be as successful as the work of the Philadelphia Convention is no longer in their own hands.
2004
Discussion Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2026/1/dp_c136_kuehnhardt.pdf
Kühnhardt, Ludger. (2004) The Global Proliferation of Regional Integration. European Experience and Worldwide Trends. ZEI Discussion Paper C 136, 2004. [Discussion Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/2026/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2076
2011-02-15T22:21:07Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:443030316C61776C6567616C61666661697273
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:706F6C69746963616C6166666169727331323334:70616666676F7665726E616E6365
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303232
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:69646F7067:69646F706768646F63
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"The autonomy of national legislatures in the European Union and MERCOSUR"
Duina, Francesco.
governance: EU & national level
regionalism, international
law & legal affairs-general (includes international law)
EU-Latin America
historical development of EC (pre-1986)
The impact of the common markets, and the European Union in particular, on the policy-making, administrative, judiciary, and territorial autonomy of nation states is to date fairly well explored. Less explored, by contrast, is the impact of common markets on the legislature of nation states. This paper proposes that common markets produce supranational law that displaces national legislatures as the traditional legislative bodies of the nation state. The displacement, however, varies in intensity across legislative arenas. An analysis of the legislative output of the EU and MERCOSUR for the years 1958-1999 and 1991-1999 respectively (a total of over 1,800 relevant laws were coded) reveals an interesting pattern to this displacement. Intense displacement occurs above all in arenas directly and, due to spillover, indirectly related to the trade of physical goods. These include the environment, transportation, and public health. But in other arenas, including labor, capital, and services, states retain significant substantive and institutional integrity. The protectionist tendencies of states in these arenas, along with the geopolitical and commercial nature of common markets, probably explain such limitations. The implications of these findings for state strength in spheres other then legislation are discussed.
2001
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2076/1/002234_1.PDF
Duina, Francesco. (2001) "The autonomy of national legislatures in the European Union and MERCOSUR". In: UNSPECIFIED, Madison, Wisconsin. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2076/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2081
2011-02-15T22:21:09Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303137
7375626A656374733D41:41303239
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:696E7465726E6174696F6E616C7472616465
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Economic partnership agreements and regional integration among ACP countries"
Faber, Gerrit.
EU-ACP
regionalism, international
international trade
integration theory (see also researching and writing the EU in this section)
The EPA approach to the renewal of the trade regime of the Lomé Convention presents a number of questions. The first is, whether FTAs between the ACP countries and the EU are likely to produce better results than the non-reciprocal Lomé preferences. Second, even if promising on theoretical grounds, is it likely that (groups of) ACP countries will be able to conclude viable FTAs (or EPAs) with the EU? Which conditions will have to be met in order to realize the potential benefits? This paper will address these questions. It provides an economic analysis of the FTA approach for the future EU-ACP relations. The composition of the paper is as follows. In the second section the background for the new approach is given. The third section presents the economic theory of integration in order to explain the effectiveness of the present and the new approach. The fourth section formulates the conditions that have to be met to make FTAs successful. The fifth section addresses the question whether the new approach will work in practice. Conclusions are drawn in section six.
2001
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2081/1/002099_1.PDF
Faber, Gerrit. (2001) "Economic partnership agreements and regional integration among ACP countries". In: UNSPECIFIED, Madison, Wisconsin. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2081/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2082
2011-02-15T22:21:09Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D45:45303037
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:65636F6E6F6D696366696E616E6369616C61666661697273:65666153696E676C654D61726B6574:65666153696E676C654D61726B657473686F
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:696E7465726E6174696F6E616C7472616465
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737077656C666172657374617465
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Trade, standards, and regional integration"
Faber, Gerrit
Roelfsema, Hein.
GATT/WTO
harmonisation/standards/mutual recognition
regionalism, international
welfare state
international trade
In this paper we argue that countries have strong incentives to harmonize policies more quickly in regional agreements than they do in a multilateral setting. The set up of this paper is as follows. First, in section 2 we discuss the role of standards in international trade negotiations in the GATT/WTO. Section 3 reviews the way the EC has achieved a high degree of harmonization of standards. In section 4 we discuss economic theories that indicate under which circumstances countries will be able to improve their social welfare by concluding a Standardization Union. Subsequently, we introduce the role of various political actors by introducing theories of regulatory blocs like the EU are the subject of section 5. Conclusions of the paper are presented in section 6.
2001
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2082/1/002100_1.pdf
Faber, Gerrit and Roelfsema, Hein. (2001) "Trade, standards, and regional integration". In: UNSPECIFIED, Madison, Wisconsin. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2082/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2105
2011-02-15T22:21:16Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303232
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D46:46303332
7375626A656374733D44:44303033:44303033303032
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Similar feathers or different stripes? Mexico, Turkey and the limits of regional integration"
Hussain, Imtiaz.
regionalism, international
enlargement
EU-Latin America
Turkey
EU-US
Mexico's and Turkey's regionalist pursuits predictably changed the rules of integration game, as much out of their own idiosyncratic contributions to both theory-building and policy-making, as through developments beyond their control. Those are the broad findings of a comparative study of the two actual/potential developing country trading bloc members. By examining the economic credentials and liabilities of both, the endogenous features of integration theories, and the exogenous forces impinging upon them, the study further finds two countries with similar structures inclinations in the global economy confronting different future prospects and imposing dissimilar challenges upon regional integration. Critical to the outcomes have been the explicit and implicit roles of United States: its proximity to Mexico working wonders for that country but deepening dependency, its withdrawal from Turkey improving that country's regionalist chances but weakening the exclusiveness of the European Union. The United States is found to be one of a few exogenous forces challenging their endogenous counterparts in shaping regionalism today, pushing regionalism and regional integration theories increasingly to trespass the domains of other paradigms and policy objectives. Questions are raised how policy-makers and theory builders may escape the dilemmas they face.
2001
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2105/1/002119.PDF
Hussain, Imtiaz. (2001) "Similar feathers or different stripes? Mexico, Turkey and the limits of regional integration". In: UNSPECIFIED, Madison, Wisconsin. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2105/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2198
2011-02-15T22:21:38Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303337
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:706F6C69746963616C6166666169727331323334:70616666676F7665726E616E6365:70616666676F7665726E616E63657375626E6174696F6E616C726567696F6E616C2F7465727269746F7269616C
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:676C6F62616C69736174696F6E676C6F62616C697A6174696F6E
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"The political economy of globalisation and regional integration: The case of tax policy co-ordination in the European Union"
Ugur, Mehmet.
tax policy
regionalism, international
globalisation/globalization
subnational/regional/territorial
Globalisation and regional integration increase the scope for movement between jurisdictions. As a result, tax policy arbitrage and policy convergence can be expected to constrain public policy choices. Nevertheless, regional integration can also enable the policy-makers to reclaim policy autonomy as the rates of return on constituent loyalty are equalized by convergent policy choices. This paper reviews the debate and develops an analytical framework that enables us to explain the linkages between and policy implication of globalisation and regional integration in an open-ended manner. We propose a political economy framework that differentiates between market-driven and institutionalized policy convergence under increased interjurisdictional mobility. The proposed analytical framework is applied to the EU's experience in tax policy coordination. We observe that globalisation and the deepening of European integration have in fact enabled EU and national policy-makers to reclaim policy autonomy and make attempts to halt/reverse the market-driven process of tax competition. Although the pro-active co-ordination effort is still in its infancy, it constitutes a significant development that stands in contrast to the prisoners' dilemma outcomes of the 1980s and early 1990s.
2001
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2198/1/002666_1.pdf
Ugur, Mehmet. (2001) "The political economy of globalisation and regional integration: The case of tax policy co-ordination in the European Union". In: UNSPECIFIED, Madison, Wisconsin. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2198/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2310
2011-02-15T22:22:12Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D46:466A6170616E
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303136
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:696E7465726E6174696F6E616C7472616465
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303032
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
“Security, Trade and Regionalism: Implications for EU-U.S.-Asia Relations”
Kirchner, Emil
Sperling, James.
EU-US
common foreign & security policy 1993--European Global Strategy
regionalism, international
Japan
international trade
EU-Asia-general
Will the US continue to act as the major international policeman and will the EU, or for that matter Japan, take a growing stake in how other countries govern or misgovern themselves? What reliance can or should be placed on international organizations to deal with international conflicts? The answers to these questions are heavily dependent upon the interpretation given to the changes that have occurred in the international system, the emergent balances of power (global and regional), the mix of dependence and independence shaping relations between the United States, the EU and Japan, the emerging structure of trade in the international system, and the barriers to the emergence of a common identity and a convergence of interests within the northern tier of industrialized states.
1999
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2310/1/002332_1.PDF
Kirchner, Emil and Sperling, James. (1999) “Security, Trade and Regionalism: Implications for EU-U.S.-Asia Relations”. In: UNSPECIFIED, Pittsburgh, PA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2310/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2589
2011-02-15T22:23:07Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303232
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Private party direct access: A comparison of the NAFTA and the EU disciplines"
Gal-or, Noemi.
EU-US
regionalism, international
EU-Latin America
This paper will study the subject of locus standi of non-state actors within the dispute resolution regimes established by the EU and NAFTA. While NAFTA addresses the issue on a sectoral basis, the EU deals with it as an institutional and constitutional matter. The purpose of the paper is to juxtapose the different approaches and their solutions to the issue of the protection of the rights of private parties as devised in the two regional arrangements. The first part will discuss the nature of the two agreements and will focus on NAFTA as a regional agreement without institutions in comparison to the EU which represents an enterprise in regional integration equipped with powerful and authoritative institutions. The setting explained, I will elaborate on the concept of private party and follow with a general review of the choice of remedy (or the selection of dispute resolution mechanisms). Then, the distinction between direct versus non-direct access will be explored, for the main challenge to the private party's right to remedy arising from the inter- and supranational arrangements lies in this particular detail. Next, I will analyze the private party direct access to dispute resolution in NAFTA. Most relevant to this paper is the NAFTA Chapter 11 Section B dealing with dispute resolution regarding investments and the investor's right direct access. Dispute resolution and private party direct access in the EU will involve a discussion of the Community court system and of ART. 173 (4) of the EC treaty in particular. The paper will conclude with observations on the difference between NAFTA and the EU concerning approaches to private party direct access.
1997
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2589/1/002571_1.pdf
Gal-or, Noemi. (1997) "Private party direct access: A comparison of the NAFTA and the EU disciplines". In: UNSPECIFIED, Seattle, WA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2589/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2646
2011-02-15T22:23:21Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:696E7465726E6174696F6E616C7472616465
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Multilateralism and regionalism: Complementary or contradictory? The case of transatlantic trade relations"
Kerremans, Bart .
EU-US
regionalism, international
international trade
Since the end of the Uruguay Round, the world trading system has experienced the emergence of a large group of regional blocs. Ranging from the NAFTA and the Mercosur to the APEC and the enlargements of the EU, regional blocs seem to become factors that have to be taken seriously in the future trading system. The abundance of literature indicates that this is widely recognized by scholars in international political economy and international economics. Far from leading to a consensus on the effects of regionalism on the multilateral trading system, the scientific debate reveals the controversies in assessing these effects. The purpose of this paper is not to provide or even attempt to provide the answer to that question. Its objective is rather to look into a concrete case to see what extent the relation between regional bloc formation and multilateralism can affect the multilateral trading system and the bilateral relations between trading blocs. For that purpose, the paper aims at providing an analysis of the way in which the relations between the two largest trading blocs in the World Trade Organizations affects the multilateral character of the WTO-system and is affected by it. Rather than indicating whether regionalism contradicts multilateralism, the paper aims at analyzing the interplay between the two by looking at a concrete case: the transatlantic trade relations. In these relations, one regional trading bloc (the European Union) develops relations with a country that in itself forms the center (if not the regional hegemon) of another (admittedly weaker) regional trading block, i.e. NAFTA. The paper will go deeper into the question of the extent to which the preservation of multilateralism requires a prudent approach towards the possible development of a Transatlantic regionalism. It tries to assess the importance of this multilateral factor by comparing it with the relative influence of other (bilateral and domestic) factors.
1997
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2646/1/002795_1.PDF
Kerremans, Bart . (1997) "Multilateralism and regionalism: Complementary or contradictory? The case of transatlantic trade relations". In: UNSPECIFIED, Seattle, WA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2646/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2849
2011-02-15T22:24:13Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303232
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Is there a comparative perspective between the European Union and NAFTA?"
Chanona, Alejandro.
EU-US
regionalism, international
EU-Latin America
There are currently several expectations around NAFTA that clearly foresee something beyond a simple FTA. Moreover, there are analytical exercises in a comparative perspective with the European Union (EU) that confer the benefit of the doubt to the idea of a North American Community. If we agree that the NAFTA is a region in the making and its objectives tend to be overtaken by the dynamics of the region, we are in business. North America has become a real region for security reasons, for economic advantages and for political interests. The point is whether the NAFTA has its own model or its evolution reveals common features like the European experience, although we do not see the need for North America to become a loyal copy of the European regional integration model. In summary, what the NAFTA needs is a theoretical tradition to debate its progress as well as its obstacles, in order to study its nature beyond simple negative integration and assuming that the Regional Integration Agreement entered among Canada, the United States and Mexico, could perfectly evolve towards a community with a stronger institutional system.
2003
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2849/1/100.pdf
Chanona, Alejandro. (2003) "Is there a comparative perspective between the European Union and NAFTA?". In: UNSPECIFIED, Nashville, TN. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2849/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2973
2011-02-15T23:45:04Z
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2982
2011-02-15T22:24:53Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303232
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:696E7465726E6174696F6E616C7472616465
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"The Social Construction of Free Trade: The European Union, NAFTA, and Mercosur"
Duina, Francesco.
regionalism, international
EU-Latin America
EU-US
international trade
A large number of nation states throughout the globe entered into regional trade agreements (RTAs) during the 1980s and 1990s. Most observers assumed that the majority of RTAs could be understood as expressions of a single phenomenon: a widespread embrace of free trade. Uninterested in comparative questions, they made the collective turn to integration the subject of their analyses. This paper challenges this undifferentiated view of RTAs. In so doing, it produces evidence that directly speaks to current debates on globalization, the nature of markets, and the spread of neoliberalism across the world. The starting premise is that regional market building is a social endeavor, occurring in the midst of thick institutional contexts. Those contexts give rise to RTAs with remarkably different characteristics. The empirical analysis focuses on the European Union, the North American Free Trade Agreement, and Mercosur. Attention is given to the divergent evolution of law and organizations in three spheres of social life: working women, dairy products, and labor rights. The concluding section discusses additional variables shaping RTAs and venues for future research.
2005
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
text/plain
http://aei.pitt.edu/2982/1/Duina_Article%2DF.txt
application/msword
http://aei.pitt.edu/2982/2/Duina_Article%2DF.doc
Duina, Francesco. (2005) "The Social Construction of Free Trade: The European Union, NAFTA, and Mercosur". In: UNSPECIFIED, Austin, Texas. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2982/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:3027
2011-02-15T22:25:06Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D41:41303239
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303136
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Politics of Differentiated Integration: A Comparative Study of Enhanced Cooperation in the EU and the Pathfinder in APEC"
Su, Hungdah.
regionalism, international
integration theory (see also researching and writing the EU in this section)
EU-Asia-general
A large majority of studies on differentiation focus their attention on the historical development and/or institutional designs of closer or enhanced cooperation in the EU, neglecting similar developments in other regions, for example, the pathfinder in APEC. In comparing cooperation in the EU with the pathfinder in APEC, this article aims to discover conditions of development of differentiation and its impact on the integration as a whole, and to present a few theoretical insights gained from this comparison. This paper begins with a critical review of the literature on the differentiation development in Europe and Asia. Then, from the framework inspired from liberal intergovernmentalism, the author comparatively analyzes enhanced cooperation in the EU and the pathfinder in APEC, and as a conclusion, evaluate the probable contribution of this analysis to better understanding differentiation and the development of integration theory.
2005
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
text/plain
http://aei.pitt.edu/3027/1/EUSAarticle.txt
application/msword
http://aei.pitt.edu/3027/2/EUSAarticle.doc
Su, Hungdah. (2005) "Politics of Differentiated Integration: A Comparative Study of Enhanced Cooperation in the EU and the Pathfinder in APEC". In: UNSPECIFIED, Austin, Texas. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/3027/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:3093
2011-02-15T22:25:25Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303232
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303130
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Leveling the Playing Field in the EU, NAFTA, CAN, Mercosur and Beyond: Comparing the Role of Competition Rules in Regional Economic Organizations"
Jones, Clifford A.
Levin, Frederic G.
EU-US
regionalism, international
competition policy
EU-Latin America
[From the Introduction]. While more recent documents have placed more emphasis on maintenance of competitive markets as the first objective of EC competition policy and seemingly demoted the single market objective to second place, there is no doubt that both are important. Because the Community welcomed ten new members in 2004 and expects two to three more in 2007, the single market objective may well take on renewed importance. Many of the new Member States and candidates for EU membership are former Communist states to whom "free market" has been a pejorative term for most of the decades since the close of World War II. The new Member States frequently are also new market economies in which those former state-owned industries which have survived the collapse of the Soviet Union are often dominant in the national markets. The challenges of creation of a single market free of distortions and restrictions of competition in the context of ten new members are arguably comparable to if not greater than those which faced the Six in 1952 and 1958.
2005
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
text/plain
http://aei.pitt.edu/3093/1/joneslevelingeusa.txt
application/msword
http://aei.pitt.edu/3093/2/joneslevelingeusa.doc
Jones, Clifford A. and Levin, Frederic G. (2005) "Leveling the Playing Field in the EU, NAFTA, CAN, Mercosur and Beyond: Comparing the Role of Competition Rules in Regional Economic Organizations". In: UNSPECIFIED, Austin, Texas. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/3093/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:6112
2011-02-15T22:40:38Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303137
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303136:4430303230313643656E7472616C41736961
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303136:4430303230313645617374536F7574686561737441736961
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:443030324575726F7065616E4E65696768626F7572686F6F64506F6C696379
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303032
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
Regional security partnership: the concept, model, practice, and a preliminary comparative scheme. JMWP No.58.05, July 2005
Attina, Fulvio.
EU-ACP
common foreign & security policy 1993--European Global Strategy
Central Asia
East and Southeast Asia
regionalism, international
European Neighbourhood Policy
Building cooperative security systems at the regional level is new practice in international politics. The concept of regional security partnership is presented here, and a descriptive models is applied to the study of the practice. Five cases of regional security partnership in Europe, East Asia, Central Asia, Africa, and the EU Neighborhood are separately analyzed. Similarity and difference of the five cases are assessed in the concluding section, in which a comparative scheme is presented.
2005-07
Working Paper
PeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/6112/1/jmwp58.pdf
Attina, Fulvio. (2005) Regional security partnership: the concept, model, practice, and a preliminary comparative scheme. JMWP No.58.05, July 2005. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/6112/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:6130
2011-02-15T22:40:42Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303232
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D41:41303239
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Governance through Policy Transfer in the External Relations of the European Union; The Case of Mercosur"
Lenz, Tobias
regionalism, international
EU-Latin America
integration theory (see also researching and writing the EU in this section)
The EU is at the forefront of an emerging pattern in international relations, so-called biregionalism. The Union increasingly seeks to establish relations with other world regions while actively promoting the emergence of regional integration projects. The EU’s relationship with Mercosur is unique in this regard as it is the only currently existing form of “pure interregionalism” between two customs unions. As biregional relationships are a relatively new phenomenon in the international system, this paper asks how the EU sets out to structure them. Applying a governance approach to the case study of EU-Mercosur relations, it analyses the extent to which policy transfer is considered a viable strategy by the three main European institutions (Commission, Council and Parliament) in this regard. It draws on the policy transfer framework developed by Dolowitz and Marsh to dissect the EU policy-making process to formulate a policy vis-à-vis Mercosur. It asks what the EU is inclined to transfer, what role each of the three European institutions plays in the process and what the reasons and justifications for such a strategy are. It argues that a lot of the concepts used in the formation of these external relations have their origin in internal EU policies and suggests that this strategy can be considered a form of external governance that does not differ fundamentally from governance in the domestic realm. In addition, it posits that the use of policy transfer in the formation of the EU external relations has clear “normative connotations” based on an EU-specific idea of international order.
2006
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/6130/1/gradconf06_lenz.pdf
Lenz, Tobias (2006) "Governance through Policy Transfer in the External Relations of the European Union; The Case of Mercosur". In: UNSPECIFIED, Pittsburgh, PA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/6130/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:6404
2011-02-15T23:45:57Z
oai:aei.pitt.edu:6608
2011-02-15T22:43:28Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:64303032627372
74797065733D706F6C6963797061706572
A Synergy for Black Sea Regional Cooperation: Guidelines for an EU Initiative. CEPS Policy Briefs No. 105, 4 June 2006
Tassinari, Fabrizio
EU-Black Sea region
regionalism, international
This study advocates that the EU support a comprehensive, multi-stakeholder initiative to achieve synergy from regional cooperation in the wider Black Sea area. The background for this initiative is first provided through an overview of the challenges, recent developments and EU interests in this region. Different models of regionalism have been promoted by the EU in the European periphery, and these are schematised with a focus on their respective advantages and disadvantages. Finally guidelines for an EU initiative are set out under: 1) objectives and sector-specific actions, 2) its scope in terms of variable geographic geometries of desirable cooperation in the region and 3) a Framework of institutional and financial arrangements to support the process. An overarching mechanism is required to give political cohesion, ownership, visibility and strategic purpose to the process, and this could well be based on an annual, high-level meeting, drawing on the model of the Black Sea Forum Summit in Bucharest on 5 June 2006.
2006-06
Policy Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/6608/1/1334_105.pdf
Tassinari, Fabrizio (2006) A Synergy for Black Sea Regional Cooperation: Guidelines for an EU Initiative. CEPS Policy Briefs No. 105, 4 June 2006. [Policy Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/6608/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:6667
2011-02-15T22:43:48Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:443030324575726F7065616E4E65696768626F7572686F6F64506F6C696379
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:64303032627372
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303032
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303330
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
Security and Integration in the EU Neighborhood: the Case for Regionalism. CEPS Working Documents No. 226, 1 July 2005
Tassinari, Fabrizio
common foreign & security policy 1993--European Global Strategy
regional policy/structural funds
regionalism, international
EU-Black Sea region
European Neighbourhood Policy
This paper makes the case for regionalism as a possible conceptual framework and policy instrument to address the challenges posed by Europe’s new, diverse neighbourhood. It explains why, where and how regionalism can emerge as a political practice and policy instrument that contributes to tackling the correlation between security and integration in the wider European space. A set of recommendations to develop regionalism is then proposed and applied to the emerging case of the Black Sea Region.
2005-07
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/6667/1/1251_226.pdf
Tassinari, Fabrizio (2005) Security and Integration in the EU Neighborhood: the Case for Regionalism. CEPS Working Documents No. 226, 1 July 2005. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/6667/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:6819
2011-02-15T22:44:43Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303232
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:69646F7067:69646F706768646F63
74797065733D64697363757373696F6E7061706572
La experiencia de la Unión Europea y sus anécdotas para la « Comunidad Andina de Naciones » (CAN). = The experience of the European Union and its history to the Andean Community of Nations (ACN). ZEI Discussion Papers, C. 145, 2005
Cárdenas, Miguel E.
Arnold, Christian.
regionalism, international
EU-Latin America
historical development of EC (pre-1986)
None available.
2005
Discussion Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/6819/1/dp_c145_arnold.pdf
Cárdenas, Miguel E. and Arnold, Christian. (2005) La experiencia de la Unión Europea y sus anécdotas para la « Comunidad Andina de Naciones » (CAN). = The experience of the European Union and its history to the Andean Community of Nations (ACN). ZEI Discussion Papers, C. 145, 2005. [Discussion Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/6819/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:6825
2011-02-15T22:44:45Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303136:4430303230313645554E6F7274684E6F7274686561737441736961
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
74797065733D64697363757373696F6E7061706572
Northeast Asia: Obstacles to Regional Integration - The interests of the European Union. ZEI Discussion Papers C. 152, 2005
Kühnhardt, Ludger.
regionalism, international
North and Northeast Asia
[From the Introduction]. Northeast Asia is a paradoxical region. While its economic dynamism provides global stability, its geopolitical conflicts generate global uncertainty. No other region in the world is oscillating between a truly 21st century aspiration to define, master and promote globalization based on technological achievements and a 19th century type of geopolitical parameters coupled with an irritating set of “left-overs” from 20th century regime controversies over totalitarian rule and strategic antagonisms defined by the era of the Cold War. While a lot of energy has been spend to develop recommendations for viable mechanisms of regional integration in Northeast Asia – including the valuable distinction between economic regionalism, political regionalism, and security regionalism1 - much less attention has been given to an honest analysis of the obstacles to it. This effort must begin with a sober definition of the type of regional integration one has in mind. As for the European Union, regional integration means the supranational pooling of sovereignty, a law-based and politically-driven form of multi-level governance and an increasing political role based on the strength of a common market. Whether or not the European experience can or should be emulated elsewhere is, of course, a matter of debate. But to assess the conditions of Northeast Asia from a European perspective will always have this European experience in mind. European Regional integration might follow contingent methods and goals. There is no one-dimensional logic of regional integration. But successful regional integration must be a win-win-situation for all its constituent members. Cooperation can bring together conflicting parties for a limited purpose and a precisely framed scope of common interests. Cooperation can become sustainable, but it can also be dissolved after having achieved its goal or exhausted its time. Integration requires the inner transformation of the constituent members of an integration scheme in order to become viable and lasting. Integration requires the transformation from cooperation by choice to commonality by destiny. This has not happened in Northeast Asia yet.
2005
Discussion Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/6825/1/dp_c152_kuehnhardt.pdf
Kühnhardt, Ludger. (2005) Northeast Asia: Obstacles to Regional Integration - The interests of the European Union. ZEI Discussion Papers C. 152, 2005. [Discussion Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/6825/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:6901
2011-02-15T22:45:09Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D41:41303239
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:706F6C69746963616C6166666169727331323334:70616666676F7665726E616E6365:70616666676F7665726E616E63657375626E6174696F6E616C726567696F6E616C2F7465727269746F7269616C
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Integration from Below: Transnational Regionalism in Europe and North America"
Breckinridge, Robert E.
regionalism, international
subnational/regional/territorial
integration theory (see also researching and writing the EU in this section)
The research on regionalism has considered regions consisting of two or more states, such as Western Europe, North America, or Southeast Asia, or regions within the borders of a single state. What is missing is consideration of regional activity across national borders by subnational units of two or more states. In this paper, the term transnational regionalism is used to refer to such activity. The type of activity described by transnational regionalism is cooperative, whether it be in energy resource management, development of transportation infrastructure, or any of several other areas. Furthermore, these activities may occur as a result of national-level cooperation or integration agreements, or as a result of the perceived common interests of subnational actors. The purpose of this paper is to explore how this latter type of transnational regionalism may lead to the integration of the states of which the subnational units are a part in the absence of national level agreements. This is described as "integration from below." Conversely, "integration from above" results from national-level agreements. The data are such that no particular hypothesis can be evaluated at this time. However, after exploring what is available, several questions and hypotheses for future research are suggested. The major theoretical works on integration are briefly reviewed in order to place this study in the appropriate context. Cases of transnational regionalism in Europe and North America are then described. Finally, the cases will be compared and preliminary conclusions will be drawn regarding the influence of transnationalism regionalism on integration.
1995
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/6901/1/breckinridge_robert_e.pdf
Breckinridge, Robert E. (1995) "Integration from Below: Transnational Regionalism in Europe and North America". In: UNSPECIFIED, Charleston, South Carolina. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/6901/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:6904
2011-02-15T22:45:11Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303330
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"International Cooperation of European Subnational Regions"
Bucar, Bojko
regional policy/structural funds
regionalism, international
This paper first provides a short introduction of regionalism, i.e. international cooperation, and the concept of regional policies is presented. Then we introduce the concept of transnational cooperation, which is a process quite distinctive, yet parallel to processes of international regionalism cooperation tending toward supranational integration. Origins of transnational cooperation, i.e. states' regional cooperation across international borders, are discussed. The phenomenon of the process of regionalism and regionalization within Europe is dealt with. This trend is only seemingly opposed to the trend of international regionalism as manifested by integration processes between states. The nature of the state, though, does change since functions are delegated to the supranational and the subnational level. Both of these processes (regionalism and regionalization), as well as transnational cooperation of states, furthers the awareness of subnational regions as political units responsible for their own social and economic development. Transfrontier cooperation has triggered the idea of international subnational regional cooperation. The study provides examples of both phenomenon. Integration processes and the importance of the decision-making process on the supranational level for the well-being of the subnational level tends to cause the subnational regions to join in their own international political organizations to exercise pressure on the international level. Supranational bodies, for their own reasons, have accepted regions as specific partners. This paper provides examples of these international political organizations.
1995
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/6904/1/bucar_bojko.pdf
Bucar, Bojko (1995) "International Cooperation of European Subnational Regions". In: UNSPECIFIED, Charleston, South Carolina. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/6904/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:7086
2011-02-15T22:46:15Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:676C6F62616C69736174696F6E676C6F62616C697A6174696F6E
74797065733D64697363757373696F6E7061706572
Globalization, Regional Integration and the EU: Pleadings for a Broader Perspective. ZEI Discussion Papers C162, 2006
Janowski, Cordula.
regionalism, international
globalisation/globalization
[From the Introduction]. Whether we agree to more positive or rather skeptical positions on globalization, it is assumable that globalization and regional integration are related issues. The following reflections will analyze the theoretical debate on globalization and regional integration and the special case of the EU. Is the EU a possible model for regional efforts in other world regions and to which extent? The answer to this question is closely tied to the novel debate on globalization and regionalization. Both phenomena can hardly be isolated from the changes and challenges that started in the early 1980s, but how far are globalization and regionalization linked to each other? This paper will argue that both developments are two sides of the same coin that contradict each other, but condition each other at the same time. The following chapter will analyze globalization and regional integration as an inter-dependant process of a challenge and its response. Based on this, the analysis will discuss the EU’s role in this process. The high attraction of the EU on other world regions requires a closer look on European integration. Could or is the EU a possible global paradigm for regional integration? Doubts are justified on the assumption that the European model as a whole could be imitated by other regions to automatically achieve the same effects (Murray 2004; Kühnhardt 2004). Nevertheless, singular features of European integration may motivate other regions to follow a similar track. The creation of a common market may be one. These reflections allow a few concluding thoughts that will plead for a broader view on globalization, regional integration and the EU.
2006
Discussion Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/7086/1/dp_c162Janowski.pdf
Janowski, Cordula. (2006) Globalization, Regional Integration and the EU: Pleadings for a Broader Perspective. ZEI Discussion Papers C162, 2006. [Discussion Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/7086/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:7094
2011-02-15T22:46:18Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303137
74797065733D64697363757373696F6E7061706572
The Southern African Development Community and its Relations to the European Union. Deepening Integration in Southern Africa? ZEI Discussion Papers C169, 2007
Kosler, Ariane.
regionalism, international
EU-ACP
[From the Introduction]. While the aim of deepening integration in Southern Africa seems quite evident, the question remains what challenges SADC will face on its way. After introducing the organization SADC, this paper addresses the current challenges of regional integration in Southern Africa. However, in a globalizing world, regionalization is never just an internal affair of one world region. The interrelations with other regions and countries are and have always been an influential factor. Therefore this paper also analyses the role of SADC’s biggest International Cooperating Partner (ICP), the European Union, in the integration process. Finally, part three explores EUSADC relations with a view to its contribution to the objective of deepening integration.
2007
Discussion Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/7094/1/dp_c169Koesler.pdf
Kosler, Ariane. (2007) The Southern African Development Community and its Relations to the European Union. Deepening Integration in Southern Africa? ZEI Discussion Papers C169, 2007. [Discussion Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/7094/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:7209
2011-02-15T22:46:57Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303232
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Latin America and the EC: Closing Gaps in Cooperation?"
Montecinos, Veronica.
regionalism, international
EU-Latin America
[From the Introduction]. The boundaries between diplomacy and economic policy are being redefined as a result of the growing interdependency in the international political economy. Those boundaries have also been altered by the recent encompassing swing to democracy in regions affected by internal and external economic crises. Policy elites are attempting to coordinate macroeconomic and foreign policy within and between regions and subregions, as a way of enhancing their capabilities for carrying out economic and political restructuring. The search for greater policy effectiveness and stronger democracies has rendered necessary to introduce institutional reforms in decision making structures, at the national as well as at the supranational level. In spite of recent developments, the institutional frameworks for international cooperation are still quite tentative. At a normative level, the incipient attention to principles of international distributive justice may be taken as an indication. Some think that to the extent that citizens of rich countries have obligations towards the welfare of people in other countries, a new basis for international morality appears to be necessary. "The state-centered image of the world has lost its normative relevance because of the rise of global economic interdependence" (Beitz 1988:48). How can basic rights in all countries be institutionalized and protected? Some argue for the desirability of a constitutional world democracy and an elected world government (Nielsen 1988:270-271). But experience shows that attempts to institute almost any form of supranational authority have confronted the unwillingness of national actors to subordinate their particular interests to collective goals. The European and the Latin American experiences indicate that the speed at which integration schemes have progressed--and their scope--have been seriously constrained by the resistance to transfer sovereign powers away from the domestic spheres of decision making. The conviction that flaws in the progress towards regional unity were in part due to the architecture of integration has recently led to treaty amendments, adjustments in interinstitutional relations and a series of other institutional innovations.
1991
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/7209/1/002457.1.pdf
Montecinos, Veronica. (1991) "Latin America and the EC: Closing Gaps in Cooperation?". In: UNSPECIFIED, Fairfax, Virginia. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/7209/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:7252
2011-02-15T22:47:11Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D41:41303239
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"The European Community and Regional Integration Theory"
Caporaso, James A.
Keeler, John T.S.
regionalism, international
integration theory (see also researching and writing the EU in this section)
[From the Introduction]. The central concern of this paper is a stocktaking of theories of regional integration applied to the European Community (EC). Many will not envy us the task. Given the multiplicity of different approaches, the incommensurability of many concepts, and the arguable historical novelty of the EC, perhaps we would be better off to describe what is happening as best we can, and postpone theoretical explanations until a later day. Without denying either the value of descriptive work or the difficulty of devising satisfying explanations, in the paper we direct our attention to codifying our theoretical past and making some suggestions for the future.
1993
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/7252/1/002711_1.PDF
Caporaso, James A. and Keeler, John T.S. (1993) "The European Community and Regional Integration Theory". In: UNSPECIFIED, Washington, DC. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/7252/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:7256
2011-02-15T22:47:13Z
7374617475733D696E7072657373
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303439
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:65636F6E6F6D696366696E616E6369616C61666661697273:65666167656E6572616C
7375626A656374733D45:494C4F
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303132
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303035
7375626A656374733D45:45303130
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303138:656C6D656D706C6F796D656E74756E656D706C6F796D656E74
7375626A656374733D45:45303031
7375626A656374733D44:44303033:44303033303034
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
7375626A656374733D45:45303036
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303339:74706A6861706A63636D696D6D6967726174696F6E706F6C696379
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303038
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303330
74797065733D70726F63656564696E6773
Europe: Space of Freedom and Security. MIGRATION AND MOBILITY: ASSETS AND CHALLENGES FOR THE ENLARGEMENT OF THE EUROPEAN UNION. Proceedings of the international colloquium to celebrate Europe Day, held on 4–5 May 2006 in Timisoara, Romania
OECD
regional policy/structural funds
cohesion policy
regionalism, international
development
EU-Central and Eastern Europe
employment/unemployment
general
founding Treaties
immigration policy
ILO
Council of Europe
UN
education policy/vocational training
general
The Jean Monnet European Centre of Excellence and the School of High Comparative European Studies (SISEC), both within the West University of Timisoara, Romania, jointly proposed the launching of the scientific debate on the migration and mobility within the Romanian universities, the academic life and among the policies and decision makers in Romania. The International Colloquium "Migration and Mobility: Assets and Challenges for the Enlargement of the European Union" proposed for 4-5 of May 2006 was part of the SISEC bi-annual project EUROPE: SPACE OF FREEDOM AND SECURITY, dedicated to study of European Affairs, with focus on migration and mobility, in the framework of the European Year of Workers’ Mobility 2006. We invited both renowned experts on migration and mobility, and PhD students interested in this respect. The countries with researchers invited to be part in this event were: Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, India, Italy, Kosovo, Moldova, Romania, The Netherlands and the United States of America.
Editura Universitatii de Vest
Silasi, Grigore
Simina, Ovidiu Laurian.
2006
Conference Proceedings
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/7256/1/SISEC_2006_Brosura.pdf
UNSPECIFIED (2006) Europe: Space of Freedom and Security. MIGRATION AND MOBILITY: ASSETS AND CHALLENGES FOR THE ENLARGEMENT OF THE EUROPEAN UNION. Proceedings of the international colloquium to celebrate Europe Day, held on 4–5 May 2006 in Timisoara, Romania. [Conference Proceedings] (In Press)
http://aei.pitt.edu/7256/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:7317
2011-02-15T22:47:33Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:6575726F7065616E69736174696F6E6575726F7065616E697A6174696F6E6E6174696F6E616C6964656E74697479
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Explaining Opposition to Regional Integration in North America and Europe"
Nelsen, Brent F.
Fraser, Cleveland R.
europeanisation/europeanization & European identity
regionalism, international
EU-US
[From the Introduction] In this study we seek to explain why opposition to regional integration varies in strength over time, within and between countries. To accomplish this goal we must 1) gain an overview of North American and European opposition to integration, and 2) explore the relationship between the strength of opposition and a set of potential explanatory variables. We begin by identifying and measuring our dependent variable, opposition to regional integration. Measuring opposition to regional integration requires solutions to several difficult problems. The first problem is how to define "regional integration." We adopt a broad definition: regional integration is the process by which nation-states in a given geographic region proceed, by mutual agreement, to reduce the significance of the legal borders that separate them. At its most basic level, integration signifies an increased freedom to move goods and services, capital, and people across national frontiers. At a higher level, it means the coordination of government decisions throughout the region so as to make the policies of one government indistinguishable from the policies of another in a particular issue area. At its highest level, regional integration denotes rendering borders completely insignificant. At this level, member states would no longer exist in any practical sense, but no assumptions are made of how a borderless region would be governed.
1995
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/7317/1/003007_1.pdf
Nelsen, Brent F. and Fraser, Cleveland R. (1995) "Explaining Opposition to Regional Integration in North America and Europe". In: UNSPECIFIED, Charleston, South Carolina. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/7317/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:7620
2011-02-15T22:49:13Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303232
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D45:45303037
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303137
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303136
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:696E7465726E6174696F6E616C7472616465
74797065733D64697363757373696F6E7061706572
"Global Voices on Regional Integration." ZEI Discussion Paper No. 176, 2007
Ferrero-Waldner, Benita
Kosler, Ariane
Chimwemwe Kazembe, Faith
Mandigora, Augustine
Makgoeng, Larona
Regis Rakotomanana, Andrianaivo
Emile Nkiranuye, Jean
Odularu, Gbadebo
Maluka, Stephen Oswald
Magbagbeola, Nelson O.
Beckford, Tamian
Alexander, Walter J.
Barrow, Tricia
Jones, Jessica Lynn
Bridgewater, Sherwin
Mounsey, Allister
Konyo Addo, Olga
Beighle, Yidiz
Carrau, Natalia
Correa, Fabiano
Obaya, Martin
Retamoso, Mercedes
Navarro, Mauren
Coleman, Jane Chow
Allegra Cerrato Sabillón, Norma
Véliz Argueta, Beatriz
Romero, Ximena
Wangchuk, Karma
Win Latt, Phyo
Damayanti, Rizki.
Kühnhardt, Ludger
EU-ACP
GATT/WTO
regionalism, international
international trade
EU-Latin America
EU-Asia-general
[From the Introduction]. Regional Integration offers great opportunities for the countries involved in the process. This has been one of the consensus findings of the first Summer Academy in Comparative Regional Integration at the Center for European Integration Studies (ZEI), sponsored by the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) with funds of the German Federal Foreign Office. The Summer Academy gathered young academics from Africa, Asia, Latin America and the Caribbean to analyze a wide range of issues dealing with regional integration. This unique program was initiated by ZEIDirector Prof. Dr. Ludger Kühnhardt with the objective of strengthening the knowledge of young academics in matters of regional integration with regard to regional groupings around the world. Through lectures, workshops, discussions and a simulation the Summer Academy enabled 30 participants from 25 countries outside of Europe to develop problem-oriented approaches for deeper integration in their own region and to estimate the European Union’s capacity to serve as a role model.
Kosler, Ariane
Zimmek, Martin.
2007
Discussion Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/7620/1/dp_c176koesler_zimmek.pdf
Ferrero-Waldner, Benita and Kosler, Ariane and Chimwemwe Kazembe, Faith and Mandigora, Augustine and Makgoeng, Larona and Regis Rakotomanana, Andrianaivo and Emile Nkiranuye, Jean and Odularu, Gbadebo and Maluka, Stephen Oswald and Magbagbeola, Nelson O. and Beckford, Tamian and Alexander, Walter J. and Barrow, Tricia and Jones, Jessica Lynn and Bridgewater, Sherwin and Mounsey, Allister and Konyo Addo, Olga and Beighle, Yidiz and Carrau, Natalia and Correa, Fabiano and Obaya, Martin and Retamoso, Mercedes and Navarro, Mauren and Coleman, Jane Chow and Allegra Cerrato Sabillón, Norma and Véliz Argueta, Beatriz and Romero, Ximena and Wangchuk, Karma and Win Latt, Phyo and Damayanti, Rizki. and Kühnhardt, Ludger (2007) "Global Voices on Regional Integration." ZEI Discussion Paper No. 176, 2007. [Discussion Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/7620/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:7689
2011-02-15T23:46:30Z
oai:aei.pitt.edu:7690
2011-02-15T22:49:32Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303137
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
Economic Partnership Agreements, Regional Integration in Sub Saharan Africa and AGOA
Babarinde, Olufemi,
Faber, Gerrit.
EU-ACP
regionalism, international
[From the introduction]. The paper is composed as follows. In the second section we will briefly indicate the background of the EPA negotiations and their projected outcome. We will analyze the link between the coming EPAs and regional integration in section three. The question of how EPAs will impact upon the relationship between selected SSA countries and AGOA will be discussed in section four. In section five we draw conclusions and summarize the main findings.
2007
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/7690/1/babarinde%2Do%2D08c.pdf
Babarinde, Olufemi, and Faber, Gerrit. (2007) Economic Partnership Agreements, Regional Integration in Sub Saharan Africa and AGOA. In: UNSPECIFIED, Montreal, Canada. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/7690/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:7935
2011-02-15T23:46:31Z
oai:aei.pitt.edu:8034
2011-02-15T22:51:41Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303137
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Following in Europe's Footsteps? The African Union and Integration in Africa"
Siaroff, Alan.
EU-ACP
regionalism, international
[From the introduction]. The African Union, which came into existence in 2002, seems in some ways to be a copy of the European Union. First of all, there is the obvious use of “Union” in the name. Secondly, the institutions of the African Union parallel those of the European Union. Specifically, the African Union has a Pan-African Parliament, an executive African Commission, an African Court of Justice, an Executive Council (to match the European Union’s Council of Ministers), and — at the apex — the Assembly of the African Union, grouping its political leaders and meeting at summits (as per the European Council). Third and finally, the future plans of the African Union include other parallels, in particular an African Central Bank. Yet the African Union as an historical-political expression differs in three key ways from the European Union: it united almost all of (independent) Africa from its roots in the Organization of African Unity, it has a clear, geographical sense of where is Africa, and it lacks democratic cohesion, the occasional suspension of a member notwithstanding. These three points will be outlined briefly in turn, in each case contrasting them with the European Union. The result is that each entity has “existential” challenges, just differing ones — ultimately greater for the African Union.
2007
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/8034/1/siaroff%2Da%2D06c.pdf
Siaroff, Alan. (2007) "Following in Europe's Footsteps? The African Union and Integration in Africa". In: UNSPECIFIED, Montreal, Canada. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/8034/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:8082
2011-02-15T22:51:59Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303232
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D45:45303037
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:696E7465726E6174696F6E616C7472616465
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
CARICOM, the European Union and International Linkages in External Trade Negotiations. Working Paper Series, Vol. 2 No. 4, April 2002
Gonzáles, Anthony Peter.
GATT/WTO
regionalism, international
EU-Latin America
international trade
(From the introduction). As regards developed countries this position is still to be tested. There are demands in the FTAA and in the European Union for reciprocity that would have to be addressed. An extensive debate has been raging in terms of approaches and modalities to granting reciprocity to developed countries. In this paper, the aim is to assess the chances of success of the CARICOM strategy with respect to the European Union. The CARICOM approach is first examined as it has been applied in this region. Its experience in the WTO and FTAA is then discussed as an input into the appraisal of its possibilities in the ACP/EU context.
2002-04
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/8082/1/gonzalesworkingpaper.pdf
Gonzáles, Anthony Peter. (2002) CARICOM, the European Union and International Linkages in External Trade Negotiations. Working Paper Series, Vol. 2 No. 4, April 2002. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/8082/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:8086
2011-02-15T22:52:01Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303232
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
Power Preponderance and Domestic Politics: Explaining Regional Economic Integration in Latin America and the Caribbean, 1960-1997. Working Paper Series, Vol. 3, No. 1, August 2002
Genna, Gaspare
Hiroi, Taeko.
regionalism, international
EU-Latin America
(From the introduction). The promotion of regional integration is one of the more significant decisions in the post-WW II international political economy. Regional integration is a process in which two or more nations within a geographical region voluntarily adjust economic and other policies to produce a fusion of their economies and political institutions. This results in a slow pooling of nation-state sovereignty in evolving supranational institutions. The variation of this pooling is wide. Large amounts of sovereignty to date have already been pooled by Western European countries in the European Union (EU). At the opposite end of spectrum, we see nations of Latin America and the Caribbean in the same process but not having reached the same level of regional integration. The purpose of this paper is to explore the conditions conducive to regional economic integration in Latin America and the Caribbean. A review of the literature points to two fundamental conditions: domestic and regional. These conditions comprise the incentives and the disincentives for the propensity of country pairs to integrate. We examine Latin American and Caribbean integration for three reasons. First, we wish to explore the dynamics of the process of integration in the developing world. Second, the western hemisphere is a unique laboratory for integration. In the latter half of the twentieth century, four regional economic integration projects emerged in Latin America and the Caribbean: the Southern Cone Common Market (Mercosur in Spanish or Mercosul in Portuguese); the Andean Common Market (also known as the Andean Pact); the Central American Common Market (CACM), which later became the Central American Integration System (SICA); and the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). (1) Due to the longevity of some projects, the off-again and on-again traits of others, the uneven pace of development of regional institutions, and the mix of different sized countries, we have a variation along many dimensions. Third, the recent discussions for the resurrection of the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) warrant an examination.
2002-08
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/8086/1/Gennaworkingpaper.pdf
Genna, Gaspare and Hiroi, Taeko. (2002) Power Preponderance and Domestic Politics: Explaining Regional Economic Integration in Latin America and the Caribbean, 1960-1997. Working Paper Series, Vol. 3, No. 1, August 2002. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/8086/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:8091
2011-02-15T22:52:03Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:696E7465726E6174696F6E616C7472616465
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
The FTAA, the United States and Europe. Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series, Vol. 1 No. 6, September 2002
Granell, Francesc.
regionalism, international
EU-US
international trade
The wrongly named Third Summit of the Americas held in Quebec from April 21-22, 2001, with the attendance of President George W. Bush and the leaders of 33 Latin American and Caribbean countries has served to reaffirm the project of a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA), launched by Presidents Johnson in 1967, and continued by George Herbert Walker Bush (father of the current president) in 1989. However, project negotiations only began during the Clinton administration, starting with the so called first Summit of the Americas, held in Miami in December 1994. Unlike previous projects, the FTAA stems from the U.S. offer to the democratic countries of the western hemisphere (Cuba is not included) to attain greater access to the North American market in exchange for accepting the regulations and political and technical conditions that are already currently in force in the context of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA: the USA, Canada and Mexico). The FTAA can be considered a second generation integration scheme, not limited to the mere elimination of customs tariffs, but extended to questions regarding democracy and good government, liberalization of economic reforms, competition, the opening of foreign sectors, and adoption of common technical regulations. In a certain sense it can be said that the FTAA is more like the common market driven by the Single European Act (obviously without any design of a Common External Tariff) than the initial schemes of the European Economic Community of the 1957 Treaty of Rome or of the European Free Trade Association resulting from the 1960 Stockholm Treaty. They have spent forty years, not in vain, to know today, that the non-tariff obstacles, more than the tariffs themselves, are the ones that prevent trade.
2002-09
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/8091/1/granell.pdf
Granell, Francesc. (2002) The FTAA, the United States and Europe. Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series, Vol. 1 No. 6, September 2002. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/8091/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:8093
2011-02-15T22:52:03Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303232
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
Reflexiones sobre el Mercosur y su futuro = Reflections about Mercosur and its future. Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series, Vol. 1 No. 5, September 2002
Peña, Félix.
regionalism, international
EU-Latin America
La reflexión prospectiva sobre el Mercosur es oportuna por cuatro razones. La primera es la probabilidad que sus socios tengan que enfrentar, a escala global y sudamericana, agendas externas complejas en materia de seguridad y estabilidad política. La segunda es que se han iniciado negociaciones comerciales –OMC, ALCA, UE-, que podrían culminar simultáneamente en el 2004. Sus resultados impactarán en la competencia económica global, y en las políticas económicas y comerciales externas. La tercera es que los socios deberán prepararse desde ya para competir con éxito, a partir del 2005, en los posibles escenarios post-negociaciones comerciales. Y la cuarta es que el Mercosur tiene un problema de credibilidad, que puede afectar su eficacia en la competencia por atraer inversiones y para negociar con terceros países.
2002-09
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/8093/1/pena.pdf
Peña, Félix. (2002) Reflexiones sobre el Mercosur y su futuro = Reflections about Mercosur and its future. Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series, Vol. 1 No. 5, September 2002. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/8093/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:8094
2011-02-15T22:52:04Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303232
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
European Union-Mercosur Relations: The Institutionalization of Cooperation, Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series, Vol. 1 No. 8, October 2002
Kanner, Aimee.
regionalism, international
EU-Latin America
The European Union is a continuing process of integration. Evidence of this is apparent in the current enlargement process. As this regional organization continues to deepen and widen, it remains a principle actor in the international community, not only through the often criticized Common Foreign and Security Policy, but more tangibly through its bilateral and multilateral cooperation agreements, many of which are highly institutionalized and extend beyond the more popularly-known economic aspects of these external relations. In 1991, the Treaty of Asunción was signed, forming a new regional integration agreement between Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay and Uruguay. Created out of joint political necessity, the Southern Cone Common Market, commonly known as Mercosur, has not adopted the European system of integration, but uses it as a model to develop an organization based on the economic, political, and social characteristics and needs of this particular region. While many systems of regional integration were either created or intensified in the Western Hemisphere during the late 1980s and early 1990s, Mercosur is unique in that it has an institutional framework, a necessity for successful integration and external relations. Although the Mercosur institutions are weak compared to those of the European Union, they are the most advanced of all the regional organizations in the Western Hemisphere, recently taking a respectable step in the direction of supranationality. Since the creation of Mercosur, the European Union has been a strong supporter of this initiative, and continues to promote closer ties with the region. Other than economic opportunity, why is the European Union so interested in formalizing, and indeed, institutionalizing relations with Mercosur? And how has this relationship progressed over the past eleven years?
2002-10
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/8094/1/kanner.pdf
Kanner, Aimee. (2002) European Union-Mercosur Relations: The Institutionalization of Cooperation, Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series, Vol. 1 No. 8, October 2002. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/8094/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:8099
2011-02-15T22:52:06Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303232
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
Consensual Integration Alliances: The Importance of Predictability and Efficacy in the Mercosur Institutional Experience. Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series, Vol. 2 No. 3, March 2003
Peña, Félix.
regionalism, international
EU-Latin America
(From the introduction). A voluntary integration alliance between sovereign nations, whatever its intensity, has a vocation of permanence. This is a central element, though it does not necessarily guarantee the irreversibility of the process. Still, this system of integration is conceived and constructed assuming the vocation of permanence. It is important that this vocation adjusts itself to the rules of the game that reflect and sustain it on the basis of reciprocal national interests. It is a dynamic win-win perception that in the long run preserves the social pact among participating nations, and explains its domestic legitimacy. The essential role of common institutions and rules of the game is precisely to maintain the balance of national interests in the long term. The quality of these institutions and rules will have a strong impact on explaining the relative success of an integration process. The demand for institutions in a concrete process will depend largely on the degree of interdependence and on the concentration of relative power among the partners.
2003-03
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/8099/1/pena_03.pdf
Peña, Félix. (2003) Consensual Integration Alliances: The Importance of Predictability and Efficacy in the Mercosur Institutional Experience. Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series, Vol. 2 No. 3, March 2003. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/8099/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:8105
2011-02-15T22:52:08Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303138:656C6D6C61626F75726C61626F72
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
NAFTA and the European Referent: Labor Mobility in European and North American Regional Integration. Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series, Vol. 3 No.1, June 2003
Miller, Mark J.
Stefanova, Boyka.
EU-US
labour/labor
regionalism, international
The election of Vicente Fox in Mexico and of George W. Bush in the United States led to a short-lived bilateral “honeymoon” in 2001 that waned prior to the terrorist attacks of September 11, not after them. One aspect of the honeymoon period involved recurrent allusions to a European referent for NAFTA in US and Mexican press coverage of a possible immigration policy initiative. In several declarations, most notably President Fox’s speech at the Ottawa summit of the NAFTA partners in 2001, he spoke of his vision of a border-free North America where workers enjoyed freedom of movement. The seeming European referent for NAFTA, then, was freedom of movement within the European space guaranteed European citizens under Articles 48 and 49 of the Treaty of Rome. If President Fox and other advocates of a US-Mexico immigration policy initiative actually espouse an Article 48-like freedom of labor mobility within NAFTA, they would appear to be overlooking fundamental differences between regional integration in North America and Europe. We suggest that the Turkish-EU and Moroccan-EU relationships constitute a more appropriate European referent for NAFTA than Article 48. Turkish and Moroccan bids for membership in the EC and EU failed for many reasons, but above all because of the prospect for large-scale emigration by Turks or Moroccans to other member-states long after the end of a transition period.
2003-06
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/8105/1/millerfinal.pdf
Miller, Mark J. and Stefanova, Boyka. (2003) NAFTA and the European Referent: Labor Mobility in European and North American Regional Integration. Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series, Vol. 3 No.1, June 2003. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/8105/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:8108
2011-02-15T22:52:09Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303232
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
Comparing Canada, the European Union, and NAFTA: Comparative Capers and Constitutional Conundrums. Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series, Vol. 3 No. 4, August 2003
Wolinetz, Steven B.
EU-US
regionalism, international
EU-Latin America
(From the introduction). This is an exercise in comparative analysis. The paper examines Canada, the European Union, and the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Its underlying premise - that political systems are best seen in comparative context - is an article of faith for students of comparative politics. Students of the European Union who began with the study of one or more of its member-states will have little problem with this, while those who started from International Relations and European integration studies will have greater doubts. Pooling the sovereignties of fifteen or more member-states, the European Union is in some respects sui generis. Although to be sure, it can be considered a multilevel system of governance, in some respects different from the federations with which it is often compared, the European Union is different enough to make any serious student of comparative politics pause. The EU, like many federal systems has complex decision-making procedures and impinges on the decision-making and sovereignty of its member-states, and appears as a single actor in international trade negotiations, but in other respects, it is very different: unlike many settled federations, the EU unites no well-defined people, and its inability to act as a single actor in foreign affairs or defense was documented well before current splits on Iraq and the Middle East. Difference has never stopped thoughtful students of comparative politics. The old adage that you can’t compare apples and oranges is easily met by noting that both are fruits. The EU may lack many features of federations but it is a complex multilevel system that may bear closer resemblance to lesser studied entities such as leagues and confederations. Examining the EU in comparative context is worthwhile not only because it gives us a clearer sense of what the EU is and is not, and how it has changed over time, but also because such regional systems like the EU are likely to become more common in an interdependent world.1 This paper is unorthodox: it compares the EU to another large trading bloc, the North American Free Trade Area (NAFTA) and to one of its components, Canada. Comparing the EU and NAFTA is straightforward and obvious enough. The two regional systems take in almost all of the world’s largest economies but are sufficiently different in their governance and politics that comparison in most areas can do little more than highlight difference. Comparing Canada and the EU is another matter. To some, the comparison may sound absurd, and appear to compare fruit and vegetables rather than apples and oranges. Nevertheless, Canada is a federation and a state, with membership in international organizations. However, it is not a pattern state from which models and theories have been extracted and does not figure prominently in the comparative literature. Like the EU, Canada can be considered unique and sui generis. It is difficult to find another country held together by two single-track railways, two broadcasting networks, (until recently) two airlines, and one very long border. That said, Canada’s center-periphery tensions, constitutional disputes, and disintegrative tendencies make it a case about which students of comparative politics should know more. The utility of this comparison will become more obvious if we consider not only current politics, but also the construction of the Canadian confederation (the official term), which was in some respects a battle, if not against nature, against geography and the pull of easier north-south relationships. We will begin by comparing the EU and NAFTA, highlighting differences and similarities, and then develop the more complex, but in many ways more tantalizing, Canada-EU comparison, and show why it is particularly relevant at a time, when the European Union’s constitution, like Canada’s, is in discussion.
2003-08
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/8108/1/wolinetzfinal.pdf
Wolinetz, Steven B. (2003) Comparing Canada, the European Union, and NAFTA: Comparative Capers and Constitutional Conundrums. Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series, Vol. 3 No. 4, August 2003. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/8108/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:8109
2011-02-15T22:52:10Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303232
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
A Comparative Perspective between the European Union and NAFTA. Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series, Vol. 3 No. 5, August 2003
Chanona, Alejandro.
EU-US
regionalism, international
EU-Latin America
(From the introduction). There are currently several expectations regarding NAFTA that clearly foresee something beyond a simple free trade area (FTA). Moreover, there are analytical exercises in a comparative perspective with the European Union (EU) that confer the benefit of the doubt on the idea of a North American Community. (1) If we agree that the NAFTA is a region in the making and its objectives tend to be overtaken by the dynamics of the region, we are in business. North America has become a real region for security reasons, for economic advantages and for political interests. The point is whether the NAFTA has its own model or its evolution reveals features common to the European experience, although we do not see the need for North America to become a loyal copy of the European regional integration model. In summary, what the NAFTA needs is a theoretical tradition to debate its progress as well as its obstacles, in order to study its nature beyond simple negative integration and assuming that the Regional Integration Agreement entered between among Canada, the United States and Mexico, could perfectly evolve towards a community with a stronger institutional system.
2003-08
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/8109/1/chanonafinal.pdf
Chanona, Alejandro. (2003) A Comparative Perspective between the European Union and NAFTA. Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series, Vol. 3 No. 5, August 2003. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/8109/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:8111
2011-02-15T22:52:10Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303232
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D45:45303037
7375626A656374733D41:41303239
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
Comparing Regional Integration Schemes: International Regimes or Would-be Polities?, Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series, Vol. 3 No. 8, September 2003
Laursen, Finn.
GATT/WTO
regionalism, international
EU-Latin America
integration theory (see also researching and writing the EU in this section)
EU-US
(From the introduction). The different integration schemes in the world vary in various ways. They vary in functional scope, institutional set-up, size of membership and impact. The different factors used to explain this variance also vary, from economic gains over geopolitics to learning processes and creation of new collective identities. If the integration schemes in different parts of the world are so different, are they all sui generis? Does it make sense to compare them? Some scholars have argued that they have enough common traits to be comparable. Most often at least integration schemes try to create freer trade, if not free trade, between the participating states. Many also try to create freer movement for services and capital. One possible way to look at this is to say that they constitute international regimes, i.e. establish principles, norms, rules and decision-making procedures around which actors’ expectations converge. (2) A good example of an international regime would be the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), now part of the World Trade Organization (WTO). But, as we shall see, one can argue that at least the European Union (EU) has gone beyond being an international regime, instead becoming a multi-level political system or polity. Although much integration theory has been developed to explain the European case, integration theory has also been used to study integration in other parts of the world, including the Americas. In this paper we shall discuss some theories that may be useful in comparing the EU, NAFTA and Mercosur as well as other integration schemes.
2003-09
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/8111/1/lauarsenfinal.pdf
Laursen, Finn. (2003) Comparing Regional Integration Schemes: International Regimes or Would-be Polities?, Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series, Vol. 3 No. 8, September 2003. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/8111/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:8112
2011-02-15T22:52:11Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D46:46303233
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303232
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:69646F7067:69646F706768646F63
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:696E7465726E6174696F6E616C7472616465
7375626A656374733D46:46303138
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
Between Free Trade and Social Goals: Regional Integration in the Iberian Peninsula and Mexico. Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series, Vol. 3 No. 9, October 2003
Royo, Sebastián.
Portugal
regionalism, international
international trade
EU-Latin America
Spain
historical development of EC (pre-1986)
(From the introduction). This paper examines the integration process of Spain and Portugal in the European Union (EU) and of Mexico in the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). It reviews the relationship between regional integration, economic growth, and democratic consolidation. Among other concerns, it asks how membership has impacted economic performance and democracy in the three countries. What is the relationship between economic growth and political citizenship? Are these separate entities, or connected in fundamental ways? The issue of membership in the EU and NAFTA raises at least three important issues. First, it is important to keep in mind that the post-war construction of the European Union was first an economic reality (in the 1950s and 1960s) then a political one (in the 1970s and 1980s), and only now perhaps is becoming a cultural one (since the 1990s). NAFTA so far has been essentially an economic treaty. Second, the political dimension of the EU (born in the aftermath of WWII), which is based on the principle of solidarity, has been instrumental in the development of policies that have been critical in the process of economic and social convergence. This dimension is largely absent in NAFTA. Third, the EU includes free movement of people among member countries, as well as the notion of European citizenship (established in the Maastricht Treaty), as two of its cores. The inclusion of substantive immigration provisions in NAFTA (or at the bare minimum in a bilateral agreement with the United States) is still one of the key ambitions of Mexican governments.
2003-10
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/8112/1/royofinal2.pdf
Royo, Sebastián. (2003) Between Free Trade and Social Goals: Regional Integration in the Iberian Peninsula and Mexico. Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series, Vol. 3 No. 9, October 2003. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/8112/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:8132
2011-02-15T22:52:18Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303232
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
Exploring the Implications of European Integration for The Anglophone Caribbean: From Lomé to EPA. Working Paper Series Vol. 4 No. 17, December 2004
Grenade, Wendy C.
regionalism, international
EU-Latin America
[From the introduction]. The paper specifically discusses the implications of European integration for the Anglophone Caribbean. (5) Why the EU and the Anglophone Caribbean? As the paper demonstrates these two regions are historically entwined through colonial ties and post-colonial trade and aid arrangements. Much has been written about Europe and the Caribbean in the context of colonialism or post-colonialism (6) or EU-Caribbean trade relations, within the broader context of the African Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) States.(7) There is also an emerging body of literature which examines the implications of European integration for the Anglophone Caribbean in the post-Lomé era. (8) What this paper sets out to do is add to the discourse on European integration and the implications for the Anglophone Caribbean in general and the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) (9) in particular. The paper begins by outlining the historical relationship between the EU and the Anglophone Caribbean through the framework of the Lomé Conventions. It then discusses some of the significant developments in the EU and in CARICOM during the late 1980s and 1990s. The next section analyses some of the challenges in the post-Lomé era, which threaten the traditional relationship between the EU and the ACP in general and the Anglophone Caribbean in particular. Finally the paper draws some broad conclusions and offers suggestions for further research.
2004-12
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/8132/1/wgrenadefinal.pdf
Grenade, Wendy C. (2004) Exploring the Implications of European Integration for The Anglophone Caribbean: From Lomé to EPA. Working Paper Series Vol. 4 No. 17, December 2004. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/8132/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:8143
2011-02-15T22:52:25Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303232
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
Understanding Mercosur and its Future. Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series Vol.5 No. 14, June 2005
Pena, Felix.
regionalism, international
EU-Latin America
[From the introduction]. After almost fifteen years of its formal creation by the Asunción Treaty, it is possible to draw some lessons of the Mercosur experience and to introduce some reflections concerning its future. Mercosur is a term that is used in relation with a regional reality, a strategic idea, a formal economic integration process, and an image.
2005-06
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/8143/1/penafinal.pdf
Pena, Felix. (2005) Understanding Mercosur and its Future. Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series Vol.5 No. 14, June 2005. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/8143/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:8144
2011-02-15T22:52:26Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303232
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:696E7465726E6174696F6E616C7472616465
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303339:74706A6861706A63636D696D6D6967726174696F6E706F6C696379
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
The Future of Mexican-U.S. Economic Relations: Is the EU a Model for North America? Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series Vol.5 No. 16, July 2005
Canovas, Gustavo Vega.
immigration policy
EU-US
regionalism, international
international trade
EU-Latin America
[Introduction]. In the last few years some analysts and observers of North American integration in Mexico but also in the Unites States, have been proposing the need for a deepening of North American trade and investment liberalization toward higher levels of integration covering social and immigration policies. In these proposals normally one finds references to the European Union (EU) as a model of integration that North America should follow.1 In this paper I will address two questions. First, to what extent is the EU a useful model for the near future integration efforts in the North American region. Second, what is the likely future evolution of North American integration? In order to answer these two questions, first, I will compare the experiences of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) and the EU and will try to demonstrate that although NAFTA and the EU share important commonalities in terms of extent and depth of integration, they are also very different in terms of origins, goals, scope, degree of institutionalization and centralization and because of this, one important lesson one can draw from the EU experience is that higher convergence in the social field is not likely at least in the short term in North America. However, in the second part of the paper, I will argue that September 11th opens in my opinion a possibility to advance the process of integration in the trade and migration fronts. In order for this to happen a Schengen type of agreement would have to be negotiated between Mexico and the United States.
2005-07
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/8144/1/vegafinal.pdf
Canovas, Gustavo Vega. (2005) The Future of Mexican-U.S. Economic Relations: Is the EU a Model for North America? Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series Vol.5 No. 16, July 2005. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/8144/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:8145
2011-02-15T22:52:26Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303232
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:69646F7067:69646F706768646F63
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
Reflections on the Development and Prospects of the Free Trade Area of the Americas: Does It Relate to the European Experience? Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series Vol. 5 No. 17, July 2005
Moss, Ambler.
regionalism, international
EU-Latin America
historical development of EC (pre-1986)
EU-US
[From the introduction]. What is the Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) really about? What kind of integration does it consist of? What motivates Western Hemisphere countries to move in such a direction? We need to reflect on the meaning and significance of the FTAA. At this writing, as we know, it is not entirely clear when there will be one. It is perhaps easier to say what the FTAA is not about. Most obviously, its wellspring is not analogous to the Schuman Declaration, the political origin of the European Union announced on May 9, 1950. That document said quite plainly that the pooling of coal and steel between the two main European powers would be done to prevent any future war between them: The solidarity in production thus established will make it plain that any war between France and Germany becomes not merely unthinkable, but materially impossible.
2005-07
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/8145/1/mossfinal.pdf
Moss, Ambler. (2005) Reflections on the Development and Prospects of the Free Trade Area of the Americas: Does It Relate to the European Experience? Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series Vol. 5 No. 17, July 2005. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/8145/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:8146
2011-02-15T23:46:32Z
oai:aei.pitt.edu:8148
2011-02-15T22:52:26Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303232
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
Mercosur: Political Development and Comparative Issues with the European Union. Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series Vol. 5 No. 19 July 2005
Guedes de Oliveira, Marcos Aurelio
regionalism, international
EU-Latin America
[Introduction]. In the last ten years Mercosur has become a viable instrument for the creation of a South American pole of economic development and integration as well as to enhance regional power in face of inter-regional and global negotiations. For many Europeans, Mercosur (1) is a child of the EU process and structures and should closely follow its model of integration; for many North-Americans it is being portrayed as nothing more than a regional political arrangement in order to better negotiate with the United States. They argue that Latin Americans do not have conditions to create a stable integration process. Surprisingly for everyone Mercosur is there and is growing despite all adversities. This essay discusses key aspects that Mercosur shares with the EU and stresses the particularities that once produced and maintain Mercosur as an original regional integration model.
2005-07
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/8148/1/guedesfinal.pdf
Guedes de Oliveira, Marcos Aurelio (2005) Mercosur: Political Development and Comparative Issues with the European Union. Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series Vol. 5 No. 19 July 2005. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/8148/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:8149
2011-02-15T22:52:27Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:443030316C61776C6567616C61666661697273
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032696E7465726E6174696F6E616C65636F6E6F6D79
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:676C6F62616C69736174696F6E676C6F62616C697A6174696F6E
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303431
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
International Air Transport Agreements and Regionalism: The Impact Of The European Union Upon The Development Of International Air Law. Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series Vol. 5 No. 20, July 2005
de Mestral, A.L.C.
Bashor, H.
international economy
regionalism, international
globalisation/globalization
transport policy
law & legal affairs-general (includes international law)
[From the introduction]. There is currently a strong trend in the international market towards increased liberalization of the air transport sector. This trend is gaining momentum worldwide; Dempsey and Gesell explain: “Although nationalism remains an issue with most countries, global market forces, aided by U.S. policy, are moving the industry closer to an open skies policy.” (2) In addition to U.S. policy, the European Union’s (EU) widereaching developments in the industry are also a driving force that must be recognized; arguably, in recent years, pressure from the EU has taken over from the United States as the driving force for change. Globalization, integration, and regionalization of international economies are thus challenging the traditional approach to regulation of this vital sector, a sector which is experiencing rapid transformation and reform. Due to recent developments in air transport services such as “open skies” agreements between governments, commercial alliances between international carriers, and increased attention to the promotion of free competition, the world appears to be evolving into one global air traffic market. In many important ways the driving force behind this change is the EU. The impact of the pressure from the EU is not only felt by its major partners such as the United States but arguably this pressure from the most important regional grouping in the world is having an impact on other regional arrangements. This pressure from the EU is also making itself felt in the world of international air transport law. Ultimately it will also be felt in the multilateral trade law arena.
2005-07
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/8149/1/demestralandbashorfinal.pdf
de Mestral, A.L.C. and Bashor, H. (2005) International Air Transport Agreements and Regionalism: The Impact Of The European Union Upon The Development Of International Air Law. Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series Vol. 5 No. 20, July 2005. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/8149/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:8164
2011-02-15T22:52:33Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303232
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:69646F7067:69646F706768646F63
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
Will the European Union follow the model of the Free Trade Area of the Americas’ project or the FTAA will ever decide to look like the EU? Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series Vol. 5 No. 35 November 2005
Granell, Francisco.
EU-US
regionalism, international
EU-Latin America
historical development of EC (pre-1986)
[From the introduction]. The FTAA is today only a Project, and the European Union is today the most advanced scheme of regional integration among the seventy regional agreements that have been notified to, and examined by, the GATT from its inception in 1947 to the decision to institute -from 1 January 1995- a World Trade Organization, having lent new lustre to a multilateral system (2). In order to arrive at the present level of integration, the European process is in a permanent process of change as it has been throughout the Community's life. It is not my purpose to analyze, here, the historical process of development of the present European Union but it is necessary to remember the parallel processes of deepening and enlargement that have taken place since the Schuman Declaration of 9 May 1950. In this sense we can say that European Integration has always moved qualitatively and quantitatively in an interrelated process.
2005-11
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/8164/1/granellfinal.pdf
Granell, Francisco. (2005) Will the European Union follow the model of the Free Trade Area of the Americas’ project or the FTAA will ever decide to look like the EU? Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series Vol. 5 No. 35 November 2005. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/8164/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:8166
2011-02-15T22:52:34Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303232
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303137
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303133
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303136
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303136:4430303230313645617374536F7574686561737441736961
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
The EU Model of Integration - Relevance Elsewhere? Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series Vol. 5 No. 37, December 2005
Cameron, Fraser.
EU-US
EU-ACP
East and Southeast Asia
regionalism, international
EU-Middle East
EU-Latin America
EU-Asia-general
[Introduction]. By any standard the European Union (EU) is a successful model of integration. But can it be replicated, even partially, elsewhere? The EU model is highly regarded elsewhere in the world and the attempts to imitate parts of the EU system are perhaps the sincerest form of flattery. In Africa there is the increasingly important Africa Union, as well as a number of regional (e.g. ECOWAS) and sub-regional organizations. In Latin America there is the Andean Pact and Mercosur as well as the Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA) and the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). The North American Free Trade Agreement covers the US, Canada and Mexico. In the Middle East there is the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). In Asia there is the association of South-East Asian Nations (ASEAN), the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) and the Asian regional forum (ARF). There is now much speculation about an East Asian Community and a summit is planned for Malaysia in December to discuss such a development. But no regional organisation has come close to matching the achievements of the EU. What are the key elements that made the EU such a success? This paper reviews some of the factors that are essential for regional integration and examines global trends including the relations between the EU and regional organisations.
2005-12
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/8166/1/Cameronfinal.pdf
Cameron, Fraser. (2005) The EU Model of Integration - Relevance Elsewhere? Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series Vol. 5 No. 37, December 2005. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/8166/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:8167
2011-02-15T22:52:34Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303134
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
The European Union as a Model for Regional Integration: The Muslim World and Beyond. Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series Vol. 6 No. 1 January 2006
Kirchner, Emil J.
regionalism, international
EU-Islam
[From the introduction]. Yet while such grandiose attempts as the United Arab Republic, the United Arab States and the Arab Union have failed, there have been several efforts, whether regional or sub-regional, which look promising. These include the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), the Arab Maghreb Union (UMA), the Arab Cooperation Council, and the United Arab Emirates. Moreover, there have also been joint attempts by Arab, at least by the large oil suppliers, to have a collective effect, or more precisely a crippling economic impact, on the countries of the EU. This was noticeable with regard to the formation of OPEC, in which Arab oil-producing countries played a significant role. But this might be seen more as a “co-ordination” rather than as an integration effort. Why have the more grandiose Arab integration attempts not succeeded and the more modest efforts succeeded? What lessons can be drawn from European integration or in what way is EU integration instructive for policy and institutional developments in the Arab region?1 In trying to find answers to these questions, an attempt will be made first to consider the concept of regionalism in the European and Arab setting. After this, the conditions deemed essential for the success of regional integration will be considered.
2006-01
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/8167/1/kirchnerfinal.pdf
Kirchner, Emil J. (2006) The European Union as a Model for Regional Integration: The Muslim World and Beyond. Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series Vol. 6 No. 1 January 2006. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/8167/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:8168
2011-02-15T22:52:34Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303232
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
The FTAA and the EU: models for Latin American integration? Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series Vol. 6 No. 2, January 2006
Ruiz, Jose Briceno
regionalism, international
EU-Latin America
[From the introduction]. Then, two approaches concerning the integration model can be observed. The first one still accepts the premises of the Washington Consensus and structural reform. Consequently, this approach is consistent with the FTAA integration model. The second one furthers a revisionist view, by proposing an increased state intervention. To some extent these revisionist views, the SACN, seem to be inspired by the EU economic model. Chavez initiatives, such as ALBA, have been supported by Cuba. This paper aims at analyzing these two models of regional integration and determines the extent to which they can be implemented in Latina America.
2006-01
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/8168/1/Ruizfinal.pdf
Ruiz, Jose Briceno (2006) The FTAA and the EU: models for Latin American integration? Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series Vol. 6 No. 2, January 2006. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/8168/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:8169
2011-02-15T22:52:34Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303232
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
Application of the Andean Communitarian Law in Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela in Comparison with the European Union Experience. Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series Vol. 6 No. 3 January 2006
Tremolada, Eric.
regionalism, international
EU-Latin America
[Introduction]. The correct application of the Communitarian Law produced by an International Integration Organization implies that States Members have to make political and legal internal reforms. However, those obligations are not always undertaken by the States and, therefore, the goals of the integration process cannot be reached. As 2005 was very crucial for the conformation of the Andean Common Market, it is quite important to study the different mechanisms for application of the Communitarian Law within the Member States and the comparison of them with those of the successful European Union experience. This historical context is the frame within which we are going to undertake the study and investigation of the political and legal reforms that facilitate the application of Andean Communitarian Law made by Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela. This research is not going to consider the case of Colombia because that issue is being addressed in other broader and deeper academic investigation.
2006-01
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/8169/1/Tremoladafinal.pdf
Tremolada, Eric. (2006) Application of the Andean Communitarian Law in Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela in Comparison with the European Union Experience. Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series Vol. 6 No. 3 January 2006. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/8169/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:8170
2011-02-15T22:52:35Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303232
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
European Integration Model: Lessons for the Central American Common Market. Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series Vol. 6 No. 4 February 2006
Rueda-Junquera, Fernando.
regionalism, international
EU-Latin America
[Introduction]. Under the stimulus provided by the formation of the European Economic Community in 1957, interest on economic integration spread particularly to less developed countries (LDCs) during the early 1960s. Most of the regional integration arrangements signed by then by these countries failed to match expectations. By contrast, regional integration efforts in Western Europe were in general more successful. In the 1970s and early 1980s the slowdown in the European integration process and the failure of similar regional initiatives in the Third World led to a decline of integration theory and praxis. After this decline, regionalism has made an impressive comeback around the world. The increasing creation of formal structures of regional integration around the world has led to distinguish between the new regionalism of the present and the old regionalism of the 1960s. Despite the problems raised in the past, recent economic policy debate in LDCs has been characterized by a renewed interest in subregional economic integration as a means of stimulating growth and confronting the challenges posed by the increased regionalism in world trading system. In Central America a new attempt has been made to revitalize the Central American Common Market (CACM) created in 1960 by Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua. The new integration scheme is still subject to numerous limitations hampering the effective encouragement of the Central American economic development. The objective of this paper is to compare the new CACM with the successful experience of economic integration in the European Union (EU), drawing lessons that may serve to overcome its current limitations. The structure of the rest of the paper is as follows. The first section examines the theoretical basis of the European model of economic integration, identifying the main components which may contribute to explain the rationale of economic integration among LDCs under the old and new regionalism. The second section explores the major features acquired by this European model of economic integration in its implementation, paying particular attention to its legal and institutional system and its set of common actions and policies. After presenting the theory and praxis of the European integration model, the third section carries out a comparison between the EU and the new CACM, taking into account the prevailing structural differences between both regions. The fourth section ends the paper with the major conclusions drawn from that comparison.
2006-02
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/8170/1/Ruedafinal.pdf
Rueda-Junquera, Fernando. (2006) European Integration Model: Lessons for the Central American Common Market. Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series Vol. 6 No. 4 February 2006. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/8170/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:8173
2011-02-15T22:52:37Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D46:46303233
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303232
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D46:46303138
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
The Ibero-American Summit Process: Prospects, future development and incentives for Latin America. Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series Special November 2006
Roy, Joaquin.
Portugal
regionalism, international
Spain
EU-Latin America
[From the introduction]. On November 4 and 5, 2006, a new Ibero-American summit will take place in Montevideo, Uruguay. This event will be one of the last epoch-making Latin American developments that have attracted attention of political analysts for a long year, among them a dozen presidential elections in Latin America that in part shook the foundations of political behavior and propelled a number of neo-populist leaders to power. While the historical balance of the Ibero-American process that aimed at its birth in 1991 for the formation os an Ibero-American Community of Nations is modest, the current circumstances make it this time an attractive exercise to be closely observed. While Latin America seems to be immersed in a crisis of regional integration, Europe is experiencing growing pains with the result of important casualties such as the derailment of the constitutional ratification in mid 2005. What is new this time in the Ibero-American setting is the inauguration of a new permanent Secretariat with site in Madrid, headed by former President of the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) Enrique Iglesias. Also new in the environment is the apparent abandonment of polemic encounters mostly staged by Cuban president Fidel Castro and his nemesis Spain’s Prime Minister José María Aznar. Calculating that a fight did not rendered him the expected results, he skipped recent gatherings (as well as the parallel EU-Latin America summits), leaving the scene to minor stars, much to the satisfaction of the local organizers. The fact that the Cuban leader has announced that he will reintegrate himself as attendant for the summit of Montevideo is a signal that an accommodating negotiation has been reached and that his cooperation for the success is guaranteed, under a friendlier environment.
2006-11
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/8173/1/RoyIberoAmericanSpecNov06.pdf
Roy, Joaquin. (2006) The Ibero-American Summit Process: Prospects, future development and incentives for Latin America. Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series Special November 2006. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/8173/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:8175
2011-02-15T22:52:37Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D45:45303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303035
7375626A656374733D45:45303031
7375626A656374733D45:45303035
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737077656C666172657374617465
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
Identity, Societal Security and Regional Integration in Europe. Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series Vol. 7 No. 6 April 2007
Thiel, Markus
OSCE/Helsinki Process/CSCE
regionalism, international
EU-Central and Eastern Europe
welfare state
Council of Europe
NATO
[Introduction]. An observer of current European politics may almost automatically assume that the regional integration process in Europe, led successfully by the European Union (EU) and reinforced by other organizations, has resulted in the weakening of national identities and the pacifying of potential identity-related conflicts in the area. A closer look, however, reveals that the Central and Eastern European Countries (CEECs) in particular are still being caught in various security dilemmas ranging from the traditional military-related spheres to more subtle yet similarly destructive societal security issues with the potential to produce ethnic conflicts, even civil wars. The explanatory theoretical framework behind ‘societal security’ is fairly new and thus, often underestimated in the relative pacified European and Eurasian regions; yet, it presents a particular challenge to the multiethnic and fragile democracies there. In this paper, I compare the major international organizations present in the field (EU, NATO, OSCE, Council of Europe) and examine if there exists, at a minimum, a normative concern for minority rights and the promotion of societal security and secondly, what kind of institutional mechanisms and responses these organizations developed to attain these goals.
2007-04
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/8175/1/Thiel_IDsocietSec_long07_edi.pdf
Thiel, Markus (2007) Identity, Societal Security and Regional Integration in Europe. Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series Vol. 7 No. 6 April 2007. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/8175/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:8176
2011-02-15T22:52:38Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:706F6C69746963616C6166666169727331323334:70616666676F7665726E616E6365
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303232
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
Governance in South American Integration: Insights and Encouragement from the European Union. Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series Vol. 7 No. 5 April 2007
Kanner, Aimee.
governance: EU & national level
regionalism, international
EU-Latin America
[From the introduction]. In order to strengthen regional integration in the EU, the European Commission, since 2000, has encouraged improving European governance which became one of the Commission’s strategic objectives. Thus, for the past seven years the Commission has been on a constant quest to improve methods of governance not just in its own daily practices but also in its external affairs. The EU has made the adoption of good governance initiatives a requirement for the allocation of its external regional development funding. With a conceptual framework based on governance, this paper will address to what extent and in what forms the EU, the CAN, and MERCOSUR have adopted practices of good governance, specifically those related to nonhierarchical governance. This qualitative analysis is based on a comprehensive review of original language primary documents from all of these regional organizations, hundreds of news articles, and official speeches. I argue that since 2005 the CAN and MERCOSUR have initiated but not consolidated exercises of good governance, particularly in the social, environmental, and cultural competences.
2007-04
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/8176/1/Kanner_SoAmerIntegr_long07_edi.pdf
Kanner, Aimee. (2007) Governance in South American Integration: Insights and Encouragement from the European Union. Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series Vol. 7 No. 5 April 2007. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/8176/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:8178
2011-02-15T22:52:38Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303232
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
Caricom: Coming of Age? Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series Vol. 7 No. 4 April 2007
Grenade, Wendy C.
regionalism, international
EU-Latin America
[Introduction]. The contemporary global political economy is characterised by synergies and dichotomies between globalism and regionalisms. While this is not new, it has taken on added currency in recent years with the intensification of globalization and trade liberalization. As Hettne and Söderbaum contend, regional integration is “…a complex process of change simultaneously involving state as well as non-state actors and occurring as a result of global, regional, national and local level forces.” For them, regions are viewed as “emerging phenomenon, ambiguously both forming part of and driving, as well as reacting against and modifying the global order.”(1) The European Union (EU) is the most advanced and sophisticated regional project, and provides a useful reference point, as a model of governance beyond the sovereign state. This paper argues, however, that the motivation for regionalism in the North is different from that in the South. As Hettne et al remind us, core regions are coherent, politically strong, well organized at the supranational level, not only economically growing but leading in technological innovation. Core regions are ‘policy-makers’ which organize for the sake of being better able to control the rest of the world, the world outside of their own region and compete among themselves in exercising this influence. Peripheral regions are ‘policy-takers’ since they are politically more turbulent and economically more stagnant. Consequently they have to organize in order to stop the threat of marginalization. At the same time their regional arrangements are fragile and ineffective. (2) Therefore, for the developing world, regional integration is both necessary and problematic. While this is not new, global forces have generated renewed urgency for integration in the South. Within this context the paper examines the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). As the Caribbean seeks to navigate the global environment regional integration continues to be a necessary imperative. As such there have been concrete steps toward deeper integration, for example, the establishment of the Caribbean Court of Justice (CCJ) and the launch of the Caribbean Single Market (CSM) in 2005 and 2006 respectively. Yet, despite those visible attempts to deepen integration, the emerging institutional design still caters for a minimalist (3) form of integration. The paper argues that after thirty-four years, the Caribbean is coming of age, but with inherent deficiencies. The paper is structured in three parts. Following this introduction the first section examines some theoretical imperatives. Second, it analyses the current state of Caribbean integration, mindful of the significance of the EU model as a frame of reference. The final section offers conclusions and suggestions for further research.
2007-04
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/8178/1/GrenadeEU50yrs_long07_edi.pdf
Grenade, Wendy C. (2007) Caricom: Coming of Age? Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series Vol. 7 No. 4 April 2007. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/8178/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:8179
2011-02-15T22:52:38Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303232
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D41:41303239
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
Obstacles to Regional Integration in Latin America and the Caribbean: Compliance and Implementation Problems. Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series Vol. 7 No. 8 April 2007
Mera, Laura Gomez.
regionalism, international
EU-Latin America
integration theory (see also researching and writing the EU in this section)
[From the introduction]. The paper draws on International Relations (IR) and International Political Economy (IPE) theoretical perspectives to account for these variations. It argues that the two main perspectives in the debate on compliance with international agreements, the enforcement and management approaches, are useful to account for patterns of cross-national implementation and compliance in Latin America and the Caribbean. Yet, the tendency of these approaches to neglect the role of external influences could prove misleading when examining implementation and compliance gaps in regional trade agreements among developing countries. The paper thus argues that greater attention needs to be paid to external constraints, and in particular, to the role of globalization. The empirical findings presented here suggest that international interdependence and vulnerability have had an impact on the ability and willingness of LAC countries to honor their regional commitments. The paper is structured as follows. The next section begins with a general discussion of the concepts of commitment, compliance and implementation in the IR literature, and then presents the main theoretical perspectives on the sources of non-compliance with international agreements. The third section assesses whether such problems are in fact present in LAC regional agreements by examining different indicators of compliance and implementation. It then examines the sources of commitment problems in LAC regional organizations, focusing specifically on the determinants of practical implementation. The final section summarizes the main empirical results and their theoretical implications and discusses avenues for future research.
2007-04
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/8179/1/GomezMera_ObstRegIntLatAmer_long07_edi.pdf
Mera, Laura Gomez. (2007) Obstacles to Regional Integration in Latin America and the Caribbean: Compliance and Implementation Problems. Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series Vol. 7 No. 8 April 2007. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/8179/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:8180
2011-02-15T22:52:39Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D41:41303239
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
Power Preponderance, Institutional Homogeneity, and the Likelihood of Regional Integration. Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series Vol. 7 No. 12 July 2007
Genna, Gaspare M.
regionalism, international
integration theory (see also researching and writing the EU in this section)
[Introduction]. What explains the variation of regional integration worldwide? The literature on regional integration is as old as the first attempts to establish the European Union (EU), but the attempt to develop generalized theories with systematic testing is relatively new. As the number of regional projects increases, and with the added complexity of overlapping memberships, we are faced with task of explaining and predicting these new movements of cross border cooperation. The project outlined in this paper attempts to continue the current trend of theory development and empirical analysis. After reviewing the range of theories, a central argument will be developed that will synthesize power transition and institutional theories of regional integration. Specifically, the likelihood of institutionalized regional integration increases under a power preponderance structural condition and high levels of trade which promote homogenization of domestic institutions. Increasing homogenization, in turn, promotes trade and integration. A common definition of regional integration states that it is a shifting of certain national activities toward a new center (Haas 1958). Integration therefore is a form of collective action among countries in order to obtain specific goals. These goals can be as grand as political unification (in the case of the EU) or a free trade area, as found in the North American Free Trade Association (NAFTA). Lindberg refines the definition by proposing that it is an “evolution over time of a collective decision making system among nations. If the collective arena becomes the focus of certain kinds of decision making activity, national actors will in that measure be constrained from independent action” (1970: 46). In economic terms it is “a series of voluntary decisions by previously sovereign states to remove barriers to the mutual exchange of goods, services, capital, or persons” (Smith 1993: 4). Also in the vein of economics, integration can also simply mean the degree of market merger among states. This refers to the amount of goods, services, capital, and labor flows among states. While this captures an essence of what is occurring, it misses the institutional aspect of integration which is central to its definition. The degree of market merger occurs because the states have negotiated an established practice of market flows and their regulation. For the purposes of this paper, the definition of integration will follow closely the definitions purposed by Hass and Lindberg. Regional integration(1) is the establishment of regular collective decision making among states for the intention of establishing and regulating market flows. The degree of integration refers to the degree of collective decision making. At one end is an intergovernmental arrangement in which states make common decisions but are autonomous in regulating those decisions. If a regional authority does exist, it services at the pleasure of the individual states. On the opposite end is the supranational arrangement, in which regional institutions do exist and make decisions alongside intergovernmental arrangements or supersede the member-states’ authority. The rest of the paper examines the literature on regional integration with the aim of reviewing, critiquing, and synthesizing prior theories. The synthesis is the establishment of a general theory of regionalism. The subsequent sections will examine the method to test the key hypotheses using systematic measures of the variables and future direction of this proposed research.
2007-07
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/8180/1/GennaPowerRegIntegLong07_edi.pdf
Genna, Gaspare M. (2007) Power Preponderance, Institutional Homogeneity, and the Likelihood of Regional Integration. Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series Vol. 7 No. 12 July 2007. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/8180/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:8181
2011-02-15T22:52:39Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303232
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
NAFTA: Will it ever have an EU profile? Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series Vol. 7 No. 3 April 2007
Dominguez, Roberto.
regionalism, international
EU-Latin America
EU-US
[Introduction]. Based on the experiences of regionalization and integration processes, this paper identifies the main transformations North America has undergone as a result of the implementation of NAFTA. The main argument is that the operation of NAFTA has set in motion a process of regionalization in North America and gradually an increasing number of policies encompass a regional dimension. In such process, the pivotal actor is the United States, while Canada and Mexico are reactive partners who seek to defend their domestic interests as well as accommodate themselves in the regional dynamic led by the United States. The emerging regionalism in North America reflects that NAFTA has accomplished some of its goals. Nonetheless, there is an ongoing discussion with regard to the expanded agenda of the region and several proposals have been brought to the academic and political debate. In this regard, five main sections are considered to asses the regionalization of North America. The first introduces some analytical elements about the regionalization in North America; the second shows perceptions of public opinion with regard to the regional agenda; the third refers to the effects of NAFTA, while the fourth evaluates the Security and Prosperity Partnership (SSP) Summits. The fifth presents the case of alternative models for the future of NAFTA.
2007-04
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/8181/1/Dominguez_NAFTA_WillitEver_long07.pdf
Dominguez, Roberto. (2007) NAFTA: Will it ever have an EU profile? Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series Vol. 7 No. 3 April 2007. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/8181/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:8185
2011-02-15T22:52:41Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303137
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
The EU as a Model for the African Union: the Limits of Imitation. Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series Vol. 7 No. 2 April 2007
Babarinde, Olufemi.
EU-ACP
regionalism, international
[From the introduction]. The purpose of this paper, therefore, is to analyze the AU and its Constitutive Act, and to discuss the limits of the comparison between the AU and its European counterpart. This paper will argue that whereas the architects of the AU relied on the EU template, the two entities are not only spatially apart, but fifty years apart. Hence, while it can be useful to employ tools and lessons from the experience of the EU to critically examine the AU, there are limits to the comparisons. The AU will have to chart its own course, travel at its own pace, find its own rhythm, and write its own history. The remainder of the paper is divided into five parts. The ensuing section two provides the context of the discourse by establishing the justification for regional integration as a panacea for Africa’s unenviable deplorable economic and political condition. The section that follows then provides an overview of the African continent’s experiences with regional integration initiatives. Afterward, the discourse shifts in section four to an examination of the main provisions of the AU’s Constitutive Act, particularly the new Union’s institutions and aspirations. Relying on relevant theories of integration, section five is devoted to an analysis of the AU’s challenges and opportunities, as well as performance to date. The last section concludes with some remarks.
2007-04
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/8185/1/BabarindeEUasModellong07edi.pdf
Babarinde, Olufemi. (2007) The EU as a Model for the African Union: the Limits of Imitation. Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series Vol. 7 No. 2 April 2007. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/8185/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:8187
2011-02-15T22:52:42Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303032
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
Is European Inter Regionalism a Relevant Approach for the World or Just for Europe? Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series Vol. 7 No. 14 September 2007
Giacalone, Rita.
common foreign & security policy 1993--European Global Strategy
regionalism, international
[Introduction]. Most of the literature on inter regionalism seems to accept that, as a region, the European Union (EU) stimulates interregional cooperation in such a way that it may be responsible for adding a new category of relevant actors to world politics. This development is usually viewed by academics, mostly Europeans, positively, as a situation born from the affirmation of a European “soft power” vis-à-vis other alternatives of world order. Additionally, it is often assumed that the successful integration model of the EU is responsible for creating the conditions for emulation in other regional integration projects elsewhere, and implicitly that it could be the cornerstone of future world order. This paper explores this argument in order to provide a more accurate reading of European actions in the international landscape. Our starting point is the fact that the characteristics of the power that a nation state, or a group of nations such as the EU, exercises can be extrapolated from its internal make-up but should not be divorced from its actual behavior in the international arena. So far the behavior of the EU in that arena has been patterned along traditional lines of behavior of aspiring powers within historical settings dominated by a nation who faces problems in maintaining its hegemony. Thus, we argue that most of the literature on European “soft power” exceptionality is based on a reading of the EU internal make-up that is not paying attention to its actual behavior in the international arena. We accept that internal factors weigh on the foreign policy decisions made by a nation state or a group of nations, but also that the feeling of exceptionality – that a nation or group can develop because of its internal make-up – does not necessarily “spill over” to its international relations. So, we are going to test the proposition that, in order to protect its exceptionality, a nation state or group of nations applies different mechanisms to its international dealings, but those mechanisms are not different from the ones employed in similar international situations by nation states whose internal make-ups differ. In other words, the participation of a group of nations in the world order does not translate into a different behavior than that of previously isolated nation states, exemplified by the realist proposition that nation states and groups of nations still “value survival above all else.” And, in the case of the EU, this implies the survival of an internal make-up that has been successful for its members. As a consequence, inter regionalism can be seen as a European centered approach aimed at defending the permanence of the gains achieved by means of regional integration, but with little relevance in the medium and long term for a more democratic or more meaningful world order for developing nations. This paper contends that hegemony and emulation are just two faces of the power exercised by an actor within the international system. When a nation or group of nations has enough power to do so, it imposes its hegemony. When it does not have enough power, especially enough power to compete with an existing hegemon1 -- or it is unwilling to do so-- it would tend to emphasize other elements (its value system, for example) as an emulation horizon for other nations. Both behaviors translate into active foreign policies toward the rest of the world, and activism in foreign policy almost always is born out of the need to defend itself. In the case of the EU, its behavior towards Eastern European countries is that of a hegemon, according to the definition of hegemony in “Theorizing Regional Integration and Inter-Regional Relations (2)” (2006) – the EU establishes the goals, monitors the course of action, and supports the instruments required to carry out the undertakings agreed upon.(3) However, beyond Eastern Europe and Turkey, the EU lacks the power to impose its hegemony and is limited to resorting to an alleged “soft power” deal –i.e., inter regionalism. In the first section of this paper, we provide historical examples of the U.S., a nation state which has employed both hegemony and emulation as defense mechanisms at different stages in its history. This will demonstrate that, though much is made out of the European Union emulation, it is a mechanism to assert economic and political power that has been used before by individual nation states. And, in the second section, we discuss aspects of EU foreign policy towards developing nations that, when taken together, suggest that the adding of new relevant actors to world order by way of inter regionalism may help create a new balance of power under European tutelage, but this balance will not necessarily lead to a more democratic or lasting world order.
2007-09
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/8187/1/Giacalone%2DEUregInteg%2Dlong070918.pdf
Giacalone, Rita. (2007) Is European Inter Regionalism a Relevant Approach for the World or Just for Europe? Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series Vol. 7 No. 14 September 2007. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/8187/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:8204
2011-02-15T22:52:48Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303232
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:696E7465726E6174696F6E616C7472616465
74797065733D706F6C6963797061706572
Origin and Evolution of the South American Community of Nations: From Trade to Security Concerns. EUMA Papers, Vol. 4 No. 5 March 2007
Guedes de Oliveira, Marco Aurelio.
regionalism, international
international trade
EU-Latin America
[From the introduction]. This paper shows the decline of trade as a central issue for the integration of South America and discusses the new period of integration in the region marked by security issues. It shows how Brazil proposed the South American Community of Nations (SACN) known also as South American Union (SAU) and what are its main goals. It also shows its differences when compared to Mercosur. The basic argument is that SAU represents a new perspective on regional integration, a new view linked to security concerns, based on geopolitical integration and on a search for a more independent and active political role for the region in global politics.
2007-03
Policy Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/8204/1/GuedesConference07EUMA_edi.pdf
Guedes de Oliveira, Marco Aurelio. (2007) Origin and Evolution of the South American Community of Nations: From Trade to Security Concerns. EUMA Papers, Vol. 4 No. 5 March 2007. [Policy Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/8204/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:8985
2011-02-15T22:58:07Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D45:45303130
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:636F6E726573
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303032
74797065733D706F6C6963797061706572
Regional Security and Global Governance: A Proposal for a 'Regional-Global Security Mechanism' in Light of the UN High-Level Panel's Report. Egmont Paper, no. 4, January 2005
Graham, Kennedy,
Felicio, Tania.
common foreign & security policy 1993--European Global Strategy
regionalism, international
conflict resolution/crisis management
UN
This Egmont Paper is essentially a reduced version of a 180-page study undertaken during 2004 under the auspices of the UN University’s Comparative Regional Integration Studies Programme (UNU-CRIS). Our thanks go to both UNU-CRIS for making the project possible and also to the Royal Institute for International Relations for proceeding with this shorter version. Our appreciation also to the VUB Institute of European Studies for its on-going support of the project and to the Government of Belgium which has recently extended funding for its continuation. This shorter paper will, no doubt, be perused by a larger number of readers than the longer version, yet the latter contains much background material that illuminates more clearly what has been included here, both in analysis and prescription. It is our hope that many colleagues will be encouraged to undertake our longer, and more detailed, ‘adventure’ into one possible future of ‘security regionalism’. The aim of the paper is to explore the history and the future potential of the ‘regional-global mechanism’ for maintaining international peace and security. It is based on the recognition, accorded by the international community over the past decade, of the need for greater involvement by regional agencies in conflict prevention and management in all regions, in co-operation with the United Nations.
2005
Policy Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/8985/1/ep4.pdf
Graham, Kennedy, and Felicio, Tania. (2005) Regional Security and Global Governance: A Proposal for a 'Regional-Global Security Mechanism' in Light of the UN High-Level Panel's Report. Egmont Paper, no. 4, January 2005. [Policy Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/8985/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:9007
2011-02-15T22:58:18Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303037
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
Pronouncements of its Impending Demise were Exaggerated: The EuroMed Partnership Morphing into a Regional Security Super Complex. Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series Vol. 8, No. 12 June 2008
Boening, Astrid B
regionalism, international
EU-Mediterranean/Union for the Mediterranean
[From the Introduction] While there have been a number of political cooperation initiatives involving this region, the latest being French president Sarkozy’s proposal of a “Mediterranean Union”, in this paper I start with an analysis of some the security-related dynamics within the framework of the EMP (Thornhill 2007a and 2007b)2, often referred to as the Barcelona Process. Studying the Mediterranean as a geo-political region, Pace (2003, 161) states that “the study of regions must in some way include the study of meaning and identity”. Other authors, such as Shamsaddin Megalommatis (2007) are of the opinion that, pertaining to the Arabic and Islamic neighbors of the EU, only Turkey and Iran matter at all. To re-think the Mediterranean region in a relational, political context, Pace (Ibid.) suggests focusing on agency and structure in the analysis of the “processual” aspects of region making.
2008-06
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/9007/1/BoeningSuperComplexLong2008edi.pdf
Boening, Astrid B (2008) Pronouncements of its Impending Demise were Exaggerated: The EuroMed Partnership Morphing into a Regional Security Super Complex. Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series Vol. 8, No. 12 June 2008. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/9007/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:9014
2011-02-15T22:58:20Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D46:46303037
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D41:41303239
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:69646F7067:69646F706768646F63
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
Uneven Power and the Pursuit of Peace: How Regional Power Transitions Motivate Integration. CES Working Paper, no. 150, 2007
Eilstrup-Sangiovanni, Mette.
regionalism, international
Germany
historical development of EC (pre-1986)
integration theory (see also researching and writing the EU in this section)
This paper addresses two related puzzles confronting students of regional and international integration: Why do states willingly pool and delegate sovereignty within international institutions? What accounts for the timing and content of regional integration agreements? Most theories of integration suggest that states integrate in order to solve problems of incomplete information and reduce transaction costs and other barriers to economic growth. In contrast I argue that integration can serve to establish a credible commitment that rules out the risk of future conflict among states of unequal power. Specifically, I suggest that integration presents an alternative to preventive war as a means to preclude a rising revisionist power from establishing a regional hegemony. The implication is that it is not countries enjoying stable and peaceful relations that are most likely to pursue integration, but rather countries that find themselves caught in a regional security dilemma, which they hope to break out of by means of institutionalized cooperation. I evaluate this proposition against evidence from two historical cases of regional integration: the German Zollverein and the European Communities.
2007
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/9014/1/Eilstrup_Sangiovanni_150.pdf
Eilstrup-Sangiovanni, Mette. (2007) Uneven Power and the Pursuit of Peace: How Regional Power Transitions Motivate Integration. CES Working Paper, no. 150, 2007. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/9014/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:9046
2011-02-15T22:58:33Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303137
74797065733D64697363757373696F6E7061706572
African Regional Integration and the Role of the European Union. ZEI Discussion Paper C184, 2008
Kuhnhardt, Ludger.
EU-ACP
regionalism, international
[From the Introduction]. African regional integration has had a remarkable new beginning since the formal beginning of the African Union (AU) in 2002. Following the Treaty of Abuja, in force since 2004 and envisaging an African Economic Community in six stages by 2028, and following the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), since 2002 a mandated initiative of the African Union including NEPAD’s unique African Peer Review Mechanism for the measuring of good governance, the African Union has become the frame for a new African regionalism. The new beginning in African integration is impressive, promising and creative. It is not only a rhetoric operation but a substantial recognition of the need to redefine the parameters of political, socio-economic and security developments on the African continent. (1) The independence of African nation-states was accompanied and supported by the Organization of African Unity (OAU), founded in 1963. The OAU was driven by an anti-colonial impulse and aimed at protecting the national sovereignty of each African state. To prevent a revision of borders, often drawn artificially during the age of colonialism, was a prime concern of the OAU. Non-intervention into domestic affairs became the main application of the principle of protecting national sovereignty. The OAU failed to link the principle of national sovereignty with the principle of popular sovereignty that is with the principles of human rights, rule of law, democratic accountability and good governance. The economic decline in Africa between the 1970s and 1990s became an almost all-pervasive stereotype that was reinforced by the sad realities of civil wars and failed states, failing regimes and widely spread bad governance. For some, Africa was already considered a lost continent. (2) Until the turn of the century, Africa’s image in the world became blurred by negative stereotypes and widely perceived experiences of frustration and decline. The positive examples of some African success stories did not serve as model for other countries. In fact the positive examples became the sad exceptions to a rule of decline and disaster.
2008
Discussion Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/9046/1/dp_c184_Kuehnhardt.pdf
Kuhnhardt, Ludger. (2008) African Regional Integration and the Role of the European Union. ZEI Discussion Paper C184, 2008. [Discussion Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/9046/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:9050
2011-02-15T22:58:35Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
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Subregionalism in the Black Sea and the EU"s Role. Incentives, Obstacles and a 'New Synergy'. ZEI Discussion Paper C183, 2008
Tsantoulis, Yannis.
common foreign & security policy 1993--European Global Strategy
EU-Black Sea region
regionalism, international
[From the Introduction]. ...the main objectives of this Discussion Paper are, first of all, to define the wider Black Sea Region in terms of history, geography and current geopolitics. However, this is not an easy task. As Aydin stresses, there are many analysts who question whether the Black Sea area is a region at all, arguing that it is not seen as such from the outside (by the international community), nor from the inside (by the Black Sea countries themselves). (8) Furthermore, Valinakis claims that the term ‘Black Sea area (or region)’ has been used in the literature in a rather flexible way (9) and Roberts simply argues that defining the Black Sea region is still a ‘matter of taste’ (10). Also, the various terms (Mare Maggiore and Mare Maius – the Great Sea, Pontos Axeinos – the dark or somber Sea, Pontus Euxinus – the welcoming sea, Kara Deniz – the dark forbidding Sea among others) used over the long course of history reveal the ‘uniqueness’ of this sea. Nevertheless, as it will be shown in the subsequent chapters all the regions are to some extend subjectively defined and can thus be understood, as Adler has remarked, as ‘cognitive regions’. (11) The second objective of this thesis is to analyse the policies of the EU towards the region by emphasizing the policy failures of the past and the opportunities and challenges for the future. The third objective is to demonstrate the sudden emergence of the Black Sea region into the zone of interest and influence of the EU – and of other key external actors at the same time – and also to reveal the obstacles towards enhanced cooperation that stem from various factors. Last but certainly not least, the most ambitious part of this thesis is to propose some guidelines for a new EU driven strategy towards the region.
2008
Discussion Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/9050/1/dp_c183_Tsantoulis.pdf
Tsantoulis, Yannis. (2008) Subregionalism in the Black Sea and the EU"s Role. Incentives, Obstacles and a 'New Synergy'. ZEI Discussion Paper C183, 2008. [Discussion Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/9050/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:9062
2011-02-15T22:58:40Z
7374617475733D707562
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7375626A656374733D44:44303033:4C6973626F6E547265617479
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303032
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
The Lisbon Treaty and the Emergence of Third Generation Regional Integration. Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series Vol. 8, No. 9 June 2008
Van Langenhove, Luk.
Marchesi, Daniele.
common foreign & security policy 1993--European Global Strategy
regionalism, international
Lisbon Treaty
[From the Introduction]. Especially in external relations, some major innovations would be introduced such as the legal personality for the EU, the new President of the European Council and the High Representative and Vice President of the Commission, assisted by an External Action Service. This article explores the implications of these new institutional developments for the emergence of the EU as a “third generation regional organization”, i.e. becoming a fullyfledged actor in international relations, engaging proactively and in a unitary way with other regions and at the multilateral level. To tackle this key issue, this paper is divided in two parts. The first part will look at the typology of three-generational regionalism and at how the EU fits into this scheme. The second part, focuses on the challenges for the EU’s foreign policy and looks at the external implications of the Lisbon treaty and, particularly, on its possible impact on the EU’s actorness in the UN. By doing so, the paper hopes also to shed some further light on the interrelation and possible synergies between regionalism studies and European studies in understanding the EU as an international actor. It will be argued that the Lisbon Treaty could constitute an institutional opportunity for the EU to develop into a more coherent and visible player on the international stage. This opportunity, however, is limited by the UN structure itself - which is still impervious to regional organisations - and by the ambiguities in the EU’s member states strategies and motivations. These ambiguities in turn, preserve the originality of the EU a new type of global actor, different from a state.
2008-06
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/9062/1/VanLangenhoveLisbonThirdGenerationLong08edi.pdf
Van Langenhove, Luk. and Marchesi, Daniele. (2008) The Lisbon Treaty and the Emergence of Third Generation Regional Integration. Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series Vol. 8, No. 9 June 2008. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/9062/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:9064
2011-02-15T22:58:41Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303232
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
Lessons from the Andean Community Integration. Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series. Vol. 6, No. 12 June 2006
Casas-Grangea, Angel M.
regionalism, international
EU-Latin America
[From the Introduction]. Ever since it was born in the sixties, the Andean Regional Integration Process has attempted to become a strategy to promote a harmonious and balanced development among the Andean Countries. This paper has tree mains goals: (a) To explain and analyse the theoretical concept of the Andean New Regionalism in the framework of Latin American region in a comparative perspective with the European Model of Regional Integration; (b) To show the coexistence of two different regional integration models. Where the dominating one during the sixties was known as old regionalism, and the other that is currently being used is known as new regionalism, and (c) To analyse the way in which this coexistence appears to be an obstacle for the Andean countries to define their regional integration model and to advance toward their main goal: the balanced and harmonious development of each and every country member.
2006-06
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/9064/1/casasfinal.pdf
Casas-Grangea, Angel M. (2006) Lessons from the Andean Community Integration. Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series. Vol. 6, No. 12 June 2006. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/9064/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:9069
2011-02-15T22:58:42Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303232
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:696E7465726E6174696F6E616C7472616465
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
After the Storm: The Politics of the Post-CAFTA US Trade Agenda. The Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series Vol. 1, No. 1 October 2005
Jacobstein, Eric.
EU-US
regionalism, international
international trade
EU-Latin America
[From the Introduction] Over a year after US Trade Representative Robert Zoellick and Central American trade ministers signed the Central American Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA), the small, bilateral accord was able to squeeze through the US Congress with a close 217-215 vote in the House of Representatives on July 27, 2005. Congressional approval followed months of uncertainty. While the White House deservedly claims CAFTA as a victory, the nature of the CAFTA victory confirms the near-total collapse of a bipartisan trade consensus in Washington. Eleventh hour side deals and arm twisting made CAFTA’s passage in the House of Representatives possible. However, such a strategy does not bode well for future bilateral and multilateral trade agreements with Latin America. The current Andean Free Trade Agreement – which the US is negotiating with Colombia, Ecuador and Peru (with Bolivia participating as an observer) – is next on deck but even when negotiations are completed, it stands little chance of reaching a vote in the US Congress before the 2006 congressional elections in which all members of the House of Representatives and some Senators stand for re-election. Partisan politics is the biggest obstacle currently standing in the way of a more productive US trade agenda with the Americas. Constituent and sectorial concerns clearly block free trade. The sugar lobby, for example, contributed to congress’s challenge in passing CAFTA. However, bitter partisanship will continue to be the greatest challenge to greater free trade with the Americas in the coming period.
2005-10
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/9069/1/Jacobsteinfinal.pdf
Jacobstein, Eric. (2005) After the Storm: The Politics of the Post-CAFTA US Trade Agenda. The Jean Monnet/Robert Schuman Paper Series Vol. 1, No. 1 October 2005. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/9069/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:9315
2012-04-06T16:24:48Z
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7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:64303032627372
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
The EU’s New Black Sea Policy- What kind of regionalism is this? CEPS Working Document No. 297/July 2008.
Emerson, Michael.
regionalism, international
EU-Black Sea region
After the accession of Bulgaria and Romania in 2007 the European Union moved quickly to fill an obvious gap in its vision of the regions to its periphery, proposing the ‘Black Sea Synergy’. The EU shows a certain degree of commonality in its approaches to each of the three enclosed seas in this region – the Baltic, the Mediterranean and now the Black Sea. While the political profiles of these maritime regions are of course very different, they naturally give rise to many common policy challenges, including those issues that are based on the technical, non-political matters of regional maritime geography. This paper sets out a typology of regionalisms and examines where in this the EU’s Black Sea Synergy is going to find its place. While the Commission’s initial proposals were highly ‘eclectic’, with various examples of ‘technical regionalism’ combined with ‘security regionalism’, there is already a diplomatic ballet in evidence between the EU and Russia, with the EU countering Russia’s pursuit of its own ‘geopolitical regionalism’. The EU would like in theory to see its efforts lead to a ‘transformative regionalism’, but the lack of agreement so far over further extending membership perspectives to countries of the region risks the outcome being placed more in the category of ‘compensatory regionalism’.
2008-07
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/9315/2/9315.pdf
Emerson, Michael. (2008) The EU’s New Black Sea Policy- What kind of regionalism is this? CEPS Working Document No. 297/July 2008. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/9315/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:9499
2011-02-15T23:46:45Z
oai:aei.pitt.edu:9748
2011-02-15T23:03:39Z
7374617475733D707562
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Migration, Mobility and Human Rights at the Eastern Border of the European Union - Space of Freedom and Security
Ruspini, Paolo
Hiriş, Liliana
Geiger, Martin
Wersching, Simona
Simina, Ovidiu Laurian
Levine, Samuel Jay
Schulz, Wolfgang P.
Heikkilä, Elli
Pikkarainen, Maria
Feridun, Mete
Ivlevs, Artjoms
Bicanová, Radka
Figlová, Zuzana
Kačerová, Eva
Lötzer, Rüdiger
Parasca, Teofil
Groutsis, Dimitria
Unal, Bayram
Baldwin-Edwards, Martin
Mircea, Alexandru
Pristavu, Anca Cristina
Silaşi, Grigore
Constantin, Daniela Luminiţa
Vădăsan, Ioana
Cismaş, Laura
Oprea, Florin
Popescu, Ada Iuliana
Cǎmǎrǎşan, Adriana Vasile
Petrescu, Gabriela Elena.
free movement/border control
Italy
Denmark
Latvia
OSCE/Helsinki Process/CSCE
regionalism, international
Finland
EU-Central and Eastern Europe
enlargement
Spain
Germany
Greece
Hungary
immigration policy
Romania
Czech Republic
asylum policy
employment/unemployment
general
This edited collection of migration papers would like to emphasise the acute need for migration related study and research in Romania. At this time, migration and mobility are studied as minor subjects in Economics, Sociology, Political Sciences and European Studies only (mostly at post-graduate level). We consider that Romanian universities need more ‘migration studies’, while research should cover migration as a whole, migration and mobility being analysed from different points of view – social, economical, legal etc. Romania is part of the European Migration Space not only as a source of labourers for the European labour market, but also as source of quality research for the European scientific arena. Even a country located at the eastern border of the European Union, we consider Romania as part of the European area of freedom, security and justice, and therefore interested in solving correctly all challenges incurred by the complex phenomena of migration and workers’ mobility at the European level. The waves of illegal immigrants arriving continuously on the Spanish, Italian and Maltese shores, and the workers’ flows from the new Member States from Central and Eastern Europe following the 2004 accession, forced the EU officials and the whole Europe to open the debate on the economical and mostly social consequences of labour mobility. This study volume is our contribution to this important scientific debate. Starting with the spring of 2005, the Jean Monnet European Centre of Excellence and the School of High Comparative European Studies (SISEC), both within the West University of Timisoara, have proposed a series of events in order to raise the awareness of the Romanian scientific environment on this very sensitive issues: migration and mobility in the widen European Space. An annual international event to celebrate 9 May - The Europe Day was already a tradition for SISEC (an academic formula launched back in 1995 in order to prepare national experts in European affairs, offering academic post-graduate degrees in High European Studies). With the financial support from the Jean Monnet Programme (DG Education and Culture, European Commission), a first migration panel was organised in the framework of the international colloquium ‘Romania and the European Union in 2007’ held in Timisoara between 6 and 7 of May 2005 (panel Migration, Asylum and Human Rights at the Eastern Border of the European Union). Having in mind the positive welcoming of the migration related subjects during the 2005 colloquium, a second event was organised on 5 May 2006 in the framework of the European Year of Workers’ Mobility: the international colloquium Migration and Mobility: Assets and Challenges for the Enlargement of the European Union. In the same period, the Jean Monnet European Centre of Excellence, SISEC and The British Council in Bucharest have jointly edited two special issues of The Romanian Journal of European Studies, no.4/2005 and 5-6/2006, both dedicated to migration and mobility. Preliminary versions of many of the chapters of this volume were presented at the above mentioned international events. The papers were chosen according to their scientific quality, after an anonymously peer-review selection. The authors debate both theoretical issues and practical results of their research. They are renowned experts at international level, members of the academia, PhD students or experienced practitioners involved in the management of the migration flows at the governmental level. This volume was financed by the Jean Monnet Programme of the Directorate General Education and Culture, European Commission, throughout the Jean Monnet European Centre of Excellence (C03/0110) within the West University of Timisoara, Romania, and is dedicated to the European Year of Workers’ Mobility 2006. Timisoara, December 2006
Editura Universitatii de Vest
Silasi, Grigore
Simina, Ovidiu Laurian.
2008-12
Book
PeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/9748/1/SILASI_SIMINA_migration%2C_mobility_and_human_rights_2008.pdf
Ruspini, Paolo and Hiriş, Liliana and Geiger, Martin and Wersching, Simona and Simina, Ovidiu Laurian and Levine, Samuel Jay and Schulz, Wolfgang P. and Heikkilä, Elli and Pikkarainen, Maria and Feridun, Mete and Ivlevs, Artjoms and Bicanová, Radka and Figlová, Zuzana and Kačerová, Eva and Lötzer, Rüdiger and Parasca, Teofil and Groutsis, Dimitria and Unal, Bayram and Baldwin-Edwards, Martin and Mircea, Alexandru and Pristavu, Anca Cristina and Silaşi, Grigore and Constantin, Daniela Luminiţa and Vădăsan, Ioana and Cismaş, Laura and Oprea, Florin and Popescu, Ada Iuliana and Cǎmǎrǎşan, Adriana Vasile and Petrescu, Gabriela Elena. (2008) Migration, Mobility and Human Rights at the Eastern Border of the European Union - Space of Freedom and Security. Editura Universitatii de Vest, p. 413.
http://aei.pitt.edu/9748/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:10782
2012-01-26T02:17:56Z
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"Special Issue on Migration". The Romanian Journal of European Studies, 5-6, 2007
free movement/border control
EU-South-Eastern Europe (Balkans)
regionalism, international
development
human rights & democracy initiatives
European Neighbourhood Policy
Lisbon StrategyAgenda/Partnership for Growth and Employment
immigration policy
Romania
asylum policy
Schengen/Prum/border control/freedom to travel
international economy
economic policy
employment/unemployment
labour/labor
general
human rights
conflict resolution/crisis management
general
decision making/policy-making
Economics, demography, war, persecution/repression and ecology are generally accepted as being the main source for international migration. If we put the mentality/culture among all this factors, as a major topic in understanding the phenomena which drive migration, the picture seems to widen. As mentioned in an earlier article quoted in my contribution for this special double-issue of The Romanian Journal of European Studies (authored in co-operation with Prof. Silaşi from the West University of Timişoara), before deciding to migrate, one must cross one ore more border(s): real but mostly ‘imagined’ or ‘imaginary’ borders. It is very important for each person to surpass his/her own mentality before to chose to put behind house, family, children, community and social life, and to move to other region, country or even continent for a better life. The mentality regarding the (decision to) migration is close related to the amount of information available and mainly of education. In the same time, migratory movements could become elements for an increasingly conflicting situation when there is a lack of integration of immigrants and migration policies, related to the lack of education regarding acceptance of immigrants (the mentality) and understanding of the migration phenomenon. In order to understand migration, one should know about it, firstly. When learned about migration, one may study it deeply, to see and understand the causes, consequences and implications, to learn how to take the risks and how to manage migration. Studying migration in Romania… It is not very simple. Because nowadays is more common to find migration related headlines in the media, than migration subjects in the university curricula. Starting with January 2002, Romanians travelled freely within the EU15 territory, without holding a visa for the Schengen Area. But migration became ‘a topic’ in Romania after the accession of the A8 countries (May 1st, 2004) only, and mainly around the moment of the country’s accession to the European Union. A decade ago and up to 2004, it was difficult to find academic information about Romania on migration, to compare the findings with those presented in the scientific literature abroad, to reveal similarities or differences from other countries in the region or within the European Union. Only a few reports, mostly commissioned by some international organisations, focused on migration from Romania to the European Union. During a conference in Helsinki in September 2002, I was very (positively) surprised by the welcoming of my empirical research about Romania as source and transit country for international migration: some participants asked me where/how to find such data about Romania, as provided in my paper. Indeed, at that time, it was quite a challenge to find reliable figures or good reports in order to prepare a scientific paper. Things changed since 2002, both at the national and the European level (nowadays, we may say that everybody is working on migration, reports on migration are released several times per year at the European level). But even now, when some Romanian universities and NGOs are interested in doing such research, I consider we still don’t have enough research on migration. More of that, the majority of studies are sociological, only a few uses economics for analyse, and don’t focus on all aspects. The most important socio-economic study on Romanian migration after 1990, and widely quoted after its release, could be Constantin et al. (2004), a research commissioned by the European Institute of Romania (a governmental funded body), but this uses data available before the biggest wave of EU enlargement, and some hypotheses may be already changed since then. We don’t have enough research on migration as a whole, migration and mobility being analysed from different points of view – social, economical, legal etc. On the other hand, I was not able to find Romanian studies on the legal aspects of migration. It seems to me that Romania still doesn’t have experts on legal issues as related to migration, asylum, mobility and freedom of establishment (and I do hope I am wrong!). By editing a second issue dedicated to migration and mobility, the Jean Monnet European Centre of Excellence within the West University of Timişoara, editor of The Romanian Journal of European Studies, emphasises the need for migration and mobility research in Romania. At this time, Romanian doesn’t have ‘migration studies’ in the university curricula, migration and mobility are studies as subjects in Economics, Sociology and European Studies, among the most important area of academic research. The team of the Jean Monnet European Centre of Excellence consider that Romanian university need ‘migration studies’ too. Romania should be understood as part of the European Migration Space not only as a source of labourers for the European labour market, but also as source for quality research in this matter for the European scientific arena. European Union member since 2007, Romania is part of the European area of freedom, security and justice and therefore it is interested in solving correctly all challenges incurred by the complex phenomena of migration and workers’ mobility at the European and international level. The Europe of the last few years was confronted with some major challenges: the accession of twelve new Member States, ratification of the Treaty on European Constitution, the debate on the common budged for 2007-2013, some social movement/riots with ethnic roots, the establishing of the new agenda regarding the area of security and justice, or the mobility for labour of the new Member States. Maybe one of the hottest topics was the liberalising of the accession to the European labour market for the new EU citizens from the A8 states. Together with the waves of illegal immigrants arriving continuously on the Spanish, Italian and Maltese shores, the labour mobility/migration for work of the citizens from the 8 states from the Central and Eastern Europe forced both the EU officials and the citizens from the EU15 states (the so-called ‘Old Europe’) to open the debate on the economical and mostly social consequences of labour mobility. The European Year of Workers’ Mobility 2006 has raised peoples' awareness of their rights to work in another EU country and how to exercise them, reinforced tools to help them find a job abroad, and highlighted the remaining obstacles to a genuine European job market. The collection of valuable papers on migration and mobility from issues of The Romanian Journal of European Studies No.4/2005 and No.5-6/2007, along with the colloquiums organized in Timişoara in May 2005 and May 2006, should be seen as our contribution to this important debate. The papers from this special double-issue were put together according to their scientific quality, after an anonymously peer-review selection. There are twelve papers covering migration from different points of view (unfortunately, we still do not have juridical papers). The twenty authors (and co-authors) belong to economic and social sciences, coming from sixteen universities from the Europe and the Americas. They put under debate both theoretical issues and practical results of their research. After I had the opportunity to co-organise two international colloquiums on mobility and migration (Timişoara, May 2005 and May 2006) in the framework of the Jean Monnet European Centre of Excellence of the West University of Timişoara, I was honoured to accept the important challenge of editing this special double-issue of The Romanian Journal of European Studies as Guest-editor. I thank Professor Silaşi and the editorial team for their full support. I hope I managed to do a good job here, because working at this issue emphasised the sentiment that I must do all my best to continue the idea which was at the origin of the Migratie.ro project of the School of High Comparative European Studies (SISEC) of the West University of Timişoara: promoting the idea of introducing the mobility and migration studies in the academic curricula of the Romanian universities.
Editura Universitatii de Vest, Timisoara
Simina, Ovidiu Laurian
2007
Book
PeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/10782/1/Romanian_Journal_of_European_Studies_5%2D6.2007_FULL.pdf
Simina, Ovidiu Laurian, ed. (2007) "Special Issue on Migration". The Romanian Journal of European Studies, 5-6, 2007. Journals > West University of Timisoara, Jean Monnet European Centre of Excellence > The Romanian Journal of European Studies <http://aei.pitt.edu/view/series/wuotjmecoetrjoes.html>, 5/6 . Editura Universitatii de Vest, Timisoara.
http://aei.pitt.edu/10782/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:10937
2011-02-15T23:11:33Z
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From Developmental Regionalism to Developmental Interregionalism: The European Union Approach. NCRE Working Paper No. 07/01. July 2007
Doidge, Mathew.
regionalism, international
development
[From the Introduction] The purpose of this paper is to explore this concept of developmental regionalism, looking at its history, and its perceived benefits today. Discussion therefore begins with an investigation of the historic application of regionalism to development. Consideration is given to the linking of ‘old’ regionalism to Structuralist and Dependency views of the international economy and the causes of underdevelopment, and of the ‘new’ regionalism’s ties to the Neoliberal counterrevolution in development thinking. The paper then moves on to exploring some of the perceived benefits, both economic and non-economic, for developing countries of the new developmental regionalism. Finally, the paper considers the manner in which developmental regionalism is being applied by the EU. Specifically, it is concerned with the interregional context of the new developmental regionalism. In other words, it is interested in the way in which the EU approach firmly entrenches developmental regionalism within the broader architecture of global governance, and the synergies between developmental regionalism and interregionalism – can we conceive a ‘developmental interregionalism’? In this respect, this paper constitutes a first tentative attempt to explore a formal role for interregionalism in development.
2007-07
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/10937/1/Doidge_workingpaper0701_developmentalregionalism.pdf
Doidge, Mathew. (2007) From Developmental Regionalism to Developmental Interregionalism: The European Union Approach. NCRE Working Paper No. 07/01. July 2007. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/10937/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:11717
2011-02-15T23:16:21Z
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The fall of Doha and the rise of regionalism? CEPS Policy Brief No. 111, September 2006
Kernohan, David
Edwards, T. Huw
GATT/WTO
regionalism, international
international trade
The indefinite prorogation of the WTO’s Doha trade talks in July suggests that the global appetite for multilateralism may now be seriously weakened. In this new Policy Brief, CEPS Senior Research Fellow David Kernohan and T. Huw Edwards of Loughborough University look at how a failed or significantly delayed Doha round (say till 2009 at the earliest) could affect the scope and structure of any eventual WTO deal. In particular, if a rise in regionalism in the interim is inevitable, they ask whether the EU should reassess its regional trade policy objectives? A move from a multilateral focus to a twinned regional-multilateral trade policy stance will have consequences, both for practical reasons of EC ‘institutional capacity’ and for strategic reasons, in terms of choice of partner/s. Either way, tough decisions will have to be made. Wherever possible, the authors argue that these tactical choices should be preceded by careful technical analysis of the choice of regional partners and trading groups, as well as on traditional ‘diplomatic’ methods of trade partner selection.
2006-09
Policy Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/11717/1/1377.pdf
Kernohan, David and Edwards, T. Huw (2006) The fall of Doha and the rise of regionalism? CEPS Policy Brief No. 111, September 2006. [Policy Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/11717/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:11927
2011-02-15T23:17:20Z
7374617475733D707562
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7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303230
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74797065733D706F6C6963797061706572
The European Union and Latin America: the common agenda after the Lima Summit. ICEI Paper 07, July 2008
Sanahuja, J José Antonio
common foreign & security policy 1993--European Global Strategy
regionalism, international
development
EU-Latin America
immigration policy
environmental policy (including international arena)
The Fifth EU-Latin America and the Caribbean Summit,held in Lima (Perú) in May 2008, revealed in an apparent paradox both the dynamism of the biregional relations, as well as the decreasing interest that the Summits elicit on both parties. This paper reviews the agenda of the bi-regional relationship, analyzing the issues of EU-LAC trade talks, migration, development and environment.
2008
Policy Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/11927/1/ICEIpaper07%2D_trad_English.pdf
Sanahuja, J José Antonio (2008) The European Union and Latin America: the common agenda after the Lima Summit. ICEI Paper 07, July 2008. [Policy Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/11927/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:11928
2011-02-15T23:17:20Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303232
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The effectiveness of European Union development cooperation with Latin America: assessment and perspectives
Sanahuja, José Antonio
regionalism, international
development
EU-Latin America
This document examines EU development cooperation with Latin America, considering, first, the changes in the international development agenda that are relevant to the region, including the debate about the relevance and methods of cooperation with middle-income countries (MICs), the implementation of the Paris Declaration about the effectiveness of aid and South-South development cooperation in Latin America, in the context of the redefinition of regionalism and integration in this region. Second, it analyses EU cooperation with Latin America, considering especially its regional dimension, the strategies adopted, and the challenge represented by adapting cooperation to the creation of a ‘network’ of association agreements on which it is intended to base bi-regional relations. Special attention is paid to cooperation in science and technology, an increasingly important area of cooperation with the region, particularly with upper MICs.
2008-04
Policy Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/11928/1/PE_2008_EN.pdf
Sanahuja, José Antonio (2008) The effectiveness of European Union development cooperation with Latin America: assessment and perspectives. [Policy Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/11928/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:13823
2012-04-02T22:20:09Z
7374617475733D707562
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Arabische Stimmen zur europaischen Integration. Arbeitsbibliographie aus den Bestanden der Universitatsbibliothek Tubingen. = A Key to European Integration from the Arab Viewpoint. Working Bibliography Based on the Arabic Collections of Tubingen University Library
Hoffmann, Friedhelm.
common foreign & security policy 1993--European Global Strategy
regionalism, international
EU-Middle East
political union & integration/European Political Union
EU-Islam
European Neighbourhood Policy
EU-Mediterranean/Union for the Mediterranean
EU-North Africa/Maghreb
This working bibliography of Arab/ic contributions to European integration studies is unique in its scope. It does not only include publications in the field of the Euro-Arab Dialogue and the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership, but attempts to collect Arab contributions on all aspects of European integration. The main sources are Arab journals of political science and law. There are only titles included which are available at Tübingen University Library. Each title is given with its corresponding call number.
TOBIAS-lib
2007-09
Book
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/13823/1/Friedhelm_Hoffmann_Bibliographie_der_arabischen_Fachliteratur_zur_europaeischen_Integration.pdf
http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:21-opus-30226
Hoffmann, Friedhelm. (2007) Arabische Stimmen zur europaischen Integration. Arbeitsbibliographie aus den Bestanden der Universitatsbibliothek Tubingen. = A Key to European Integration from the Arab Viewpoint. Working Bibliography Based on the Arabic Collections of Tubingen University Library. TOBIAS-lib.
http://aei.pitt.edu/13823/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:14173
2012-04-02T22:21:36Z
7374617475733D707562
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7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303133
74797065733D626F6F6B
Arabische Bibliographie zur europaischen Integration mit deutscher Ubersetzung der Titel, aus den Bestanden der Universitatsbibliothek Tübingen = Bibliography of Arab Writing on European Integration Including German Translation of Titles, Based on the Arabic Collections of Tubingen University Library
Hoffmann, Friedhelm
common foreign & security policy 1993--European Global Strategy
EU-North Africa/Maghreb
regionalism, international
EU-Middle East
political union & integration/European Political Union
EU-Islam
European Neighbourhood Policy
EU-Mediterranean/Union for the Mediterranean
This is the SECOND EDITION of the Arab bibliography on European integration. The first edition was also published by TOBIAS-lib under the title "Arabische Stimmen zur europaischen Integration: Arbeitsbibliographie aus den Bestanden der Universitatsbibliothek Tubingen = A Key to European Integration from the Arab viewpoint: Working Bibliography Based on the Arabic Collections of Tübingen University Library". As far as the author knows, this is the only general bibliography of Arab writing on the European integration process since its beginnings in the postwar years up to the 1990s (exactly till 1997). Even the European institutions seem not to have produced an equivalent bibliography. In case the author is mistaken and has overlooked such bibliographies, he asks to correct his generalizing statement. In later editions the bibliography shall be continued up to the present time. The scope of Arab writing on European integration includes all the topical publications in Arabic, including Arabic translations of western works. Additionally, topical publications of Arab authors in western languages and even mere references, where only short remarks on the European integration process and its institutions are given, are included. The main sources are Arab journals of political science and law. The bibliography rests on a wide concept of integration, thereby encompassing not only the institutions of the EC/EU, but also institutional inputs like the Council of Europe, OECD, WEU etc. Out of practical reasons this bibliography is based on the large German national collections of Arabica, which are housed by the Special Subject Collection "The Middle East, including Northern Africa" (6.23) of the German Research Foundation. The collections till 1997 are housed by Tübingen University Library and from 1998 onwards by Halle State and University Library (the collections of the successor institution in Halle still have to be included into the bibliography). The Special Subject Collection (6.23) is one of Europe's largest collections of Arabica, being even important on an international level. Making accessible the Arabic collections in Tubingen University Library together with their corresponding call number not only facilitates local research, but helps all researchers in Germany to find easily Arab literature about European integration by the German inter-library loan system. Thereby, this bibliography assists the Special Subject Collection (6.23) in its task of providing literature to Middle East area studies on the national level in Germany. It is not only a bibliographical aid to specialists of Middle East area studies and European integration studies in Germany, but for the international research community, too. It is just the only one. This second edition of the bibliography addresses in particular those German speaking researchers of European integration, who concentrate on the external relations of the EC/EU with Arab countries, but do not speak Arabic themselves. Especially for them, the titles of Arabic publications and periodicals have been rendered into German and emphasized in blue. Those researchers who do not speak German might still prefer the first edition of the bibliography, which does not include the German translations and therefore can be handled more easily. The author apologizes for the inconveniences caused by the different German and English transliteration systems for the Arabic language. Yet, for those who are already familiar with the English transliteration of Arabic, the German system should be no real obstacle.
TOBIAS-lib
2009-02
Book
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/14173/1/Arabische_Bibliographie_zur_europ_ischen_Integration_mit_deu.pdf
http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:21-opus-37243
Hoffmann, Friedhelm (2009) Arabische Bibliographie zur europaischen Integration mit deutscher Ubersetzung der Titel, aus den Bestanden der Universitatsbibliothek Tübingen = Bibliography of Arab Writing on European Integration Including German Translation of Titles, Based on the Arabic Collections of Tubingen University Library. TOBIAS-lib.
http://aei.pitt.edu/14173/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:14879
2012-04-02T22:23:26Z
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Frieden, Wohlstand und Menschenrechte rund ums Mittelmeer" – Die Erklärung von Barcelona (1995) = Peace, prosperity, and human rights in the Mediterranean area - the Barcelona Declaration
Grussendorf, Johan S. U.
Hoffmann, Friedhelm.
common foreign & security policy 1993--European Global Strategy
OSCE/Helsinki Process/CSCE
regionalism, international
human rights & democracy initiatives
EU-Middle East
France
Cyprus
EU-Islam
Spain
Malta
European Neighbourhood Policy
EU-Mediterranean/Union for the Mediterranean
EU-North Africa/Maghreb
trade policy
This essay undertakes a critique of the Barcelona process and its meagre outcome by analyzing its premises and contradictions on both sides of the envolved parties, the EU as well as the so-called Euro-Mediterranean Third Countries, as laid down in the Barcelona Declaration. It is argued that the inherent but concealed contradictions came to the fore in due time and were mainly responsible for the lack of implementation of the initially proclaimed noble aims.
Clio-Online / Themenportal Europäische Geschichte
2010-07
Other
PeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/14879/1/Grussendorf_%2D_Hoffmann_'Frieden%2C_Wohlstand_und_Menschenrechte'.pdf
http://www.europa.clio-online.de/2010/Article=453
Grussendorf, Johan S. U. and Hoffmann, Friedhelm. (2010) Frieden, Wohlstand und Menschenrechte rund ums Mittelmeer" – Die Erklärung von Barcelona (1995) = Peace, prosperity, and human rights in the Mediterranean area - the Barcelona Declaration. Clio-Online / Themenportal Europäische Geschichte.
http://aei.pitt.edu/14879/metadataPrefix%3Doai_dc%26offset%3D14880%26set%3D7375626A656374733D44%253A44303032%253A44303032303230