2024-03-28T21:41:37Zhttp://aei.pitt.edu/cgi/oai2
oai:aei.pitt.edu:25
2011-02-15T22:14:41Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303332
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:65636F6E6F6D696366696E616E6369616C61666661697273:65636F6E6F6D696366696E616E6369616C6166666169727362706561
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303234
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
Technology, MNE's and Convergence in US and European Industrial and Technology Policies. Working Paper #3, January 1999
McGuire, Steven
EU-US
industrial policy
rtd (RTD) policy/European Research Area
business/private economic activity
This paper argues that both the EU and the US are evolving largely similar industrial policy mixes in response to change in the international political economy. These competitiveness policies blend liberal deregulation with a renewed commitment to government subsidy and support in "key" industrial sectors - especially high-technology industries. The US has thus retreated from the "laissez-faire" policies long associated with it. Europe, long more comfortable with the involvement of the state in economic life, has undertaken deregulation while seeking to develop technology policies.
1999-01
Working Paper
PeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/25/1/wp3_99.pdf
McGuire, Steven (1999) Technology, MNE's and Convergence in US and European Industrial and Technology Policies. Working Paper #3, January 1999. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/25/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:26
2011-02-15T22:14:41Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:65636F6E6F6D696366696E616E6369616C61666661697273:65666153696E676C654D61726B6574:65666153696E676C654D61726B657473686F
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
Bandwagon or Barriers? The Role of Standards in the European and American Marketplace. Working Paper #1, November 1997
Egan, Michelle
EU-US
harmonisation/standards/mutual recognition
Industrial Standards - a highly technical and even obscure topic to many scholars and policy-makers - are crucial in shaping market access and conditions. They act as non-tariff barriers (NTBs) and may affect relations between governments and businesses. The paper examines the evolution of EU policy toward standards and evaluates recent efforts to foster greater cooperation between the EU and the US in reducing trade inhibiting of industrial standards.
1997-11
Working Paper
PeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/26/1/Egan.pdf
Egan, Michelle (1997) Bandwagon or Barriers? The Role of Standards in the European and American Marketplace. Working Paper #1, November 1997. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/26/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:28
2018-02-06T15:49:47Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:4430303162696F746563686E6F6C6F6779
74797065733D706F6C6963797061706572
Regulating biotechnology: comparing EU and US approaches. European Policy Papers #8
Patterson, Lee Ann
Josling, Tim
biotechnology
EU-US
The United States and the European Union share a common desire to provide a safe food supply and credible regulatory systems. However, they have adopted two very different regulatory approaches to deal with the increasing numbers of GM (generically modified) food and feed products coming to market. Consequently, the transatlantic relationship has become fraught with conflict over the issue of GM foods. This paper explores the nature of the two regulatory systems and the underlying social, political, and institutional factors that contributed to the develoment of these systems. It then explores the potential impact of these two regulatory systems on international trade. We distinguish between producer protectionism, a commonly recognized trade impediment, and overprotection of consumers that can also have trade implications. Because the potential for trade conflicts over GM foods could result in serious consequences for both the transatlantic relationship and the multilateral system of trade rules, various attemps at bilateral and multilateral reconciliation have been made. Unfortunately, most of these attempts have stalled or failed. Finally, the paper explores product labeling as a possible solution to the conflict. We distinguish between positive and negative labeling and positive and negative attributes. The paper concludes that leaving the labeling to producers and retailers of food would allow the market to work effectively and could allow the EU and the US to reach consensus without resulting in major trade disruptions.
2002-05
Policy Paper
PeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/28/1/TransatlanticBiotech.pdf
Patterson, Lee Ann and Josling, Tim (2002) Regulating biotechnology: comparing EU and US approaches. European Policy Papers #8. [Policy Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/28/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:30
2011-02-15T22:14:42Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031727270
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:65636F6E6F6D696366696E616E6369616C61666661697273:65636F6E6F6D696366696E616E6369616C6166666169727362706561
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303431
74797065733D706F6C6963797061706572
Transatlantic Air Transport: Routes to Liberalization (DRAFT). European Policy Papers #6
Staniland, Martin.
EU-US
regulations/regulatory policies
transport policy
business/private economic activity
[Introduction]. The air transport industry, for all its imperfections and peculiarities, represents perhaps the greatest achievement of technology and organization in the twentieth century - an achievement which should inspire admiration comparable to that of Dr Samuel Johnson´s observation about the dog walking on its hind legs - "Sir, it is not done well; but you are surprised to find it done at all." But commercial air transport is also an intensely paradoxical industry. Cosmopolitan by its very nature and daily operations, and dedicated to increasing opportunities for mobility, this industry is also one that has been notorious for cloaking itself - or being cloaked - in the mantle of nationalism. Air transport was, to no-one´s surprise, the one topic that participants in the original negotiations about the General Agreement on Trade in Services unanimously agreed to exclude from their agenda. The nationalism and protectionism endemic in this industry are, indeed, a serious brake on the globalization that observers have discerned in recent enterprise alliances such as Star and Oneworld. Two examples will illustrate the archaic and cramping character of the regulatory regime currently governing the industry - the so-called "Chicago regime." One is offered by the standard language of international bilateral agreements on aviation (taken in this case from the recent U.S.-France bilateral agreement of June 1998). Article 1 of this agreement prescribes that the names of airlines authorized by their respective governments to fly between the two countries shall be "transmitted... in writing through diplomatic channels." Thus, in order to fly passengers between Paris and New York, Air France (a firm that in 1998 carried 33,169,000 passengers and had an operating revenue of $9,694,981,000) and United Airlines (the leader of an alliance that in 1998 carried 233,936,000 passengers worldwide and had an aggregate operating revenue of $52,948,100,000) have first to be formally designated by "their" governments as authorized to engage in trade. Imagine the reaction if similar requirements were imposed on, say, United Colors of Benetton or McDonalds. A second example is the odd situation that arose in August 1999, when British Airways (BA) announced that it would cease its nonstop service between Pittsburgh and London. BA had operated this service exclusively since 1985 under authority provided by the 1977 "Bermuda II" bilateral agreement between the UK and the US. BA took this decision on purely commercial grounds, (because of its new strategy of concentrating on high-yield business traffic, discussed below): it had reportedly said that it would not oppose adoption of the route by USAirways, which (with control of 86.1 percent of flights at Pittsburgh International Airport) was well placed to run the route profitably and was anxious to add a London service to its existing daily international services (to Frankfurt and Paris) fed by a 72-point hub-and-spoke system centered at Pittsburgh. Despite evidence that the route was viable, the British government transferred the route authority from BA to Virgin Atlantic, to enable the latter to fly vacation travelers between London and Las Vegas. The British government was acting entirely legally in transferring the authority and Virgin Atlantic was, in effect, at the head of the waiting list for new authorities, having lost to BA in a recent contest for transatlantic service. But this decision prevented USAirways from taking over the Pittsburgh-London route and led to great resentment in western Pennsylvania, culminating in the holding of a Congressional hearing (beside the international gates at Pittsburgh International Airport). This episode (which was described by a US DOT official as "a poster child for the evils of Bermuda II") revealed the potential under the current regulatory regime for denial of international service by national governments to cities abroad. Absent surrender of an existing authority by USAirways or another US carrier under the US allotment of such authorities or some kind of special deal, airlines were subsequently prohibited from flying between Pittsburgh and London. The regulatory regime in international aviation is probably unique in that, while other regulatory regimes may restrict or channel demand, this one can actually suppress it. Optimists believe that procedures and decisions of the kind illustrated above are doomed by an irresistible tide of liberalization. They point to the sheer size of (in this case) the EU-US market and to the proliferation of "open skies" agreements to suggest that aviation is about to burst out of its regulatory chrysalis to emerge as an exceptionally beautiful free-trading butterfly. This chapter will examine the character and present structure of this industry and will then explore the actual prospects and routes for liberalization of transatlantic air transport. The discussion is divided into the following sections: Transatlantic air transport: Air transport as an industry; The transatlantic market; The regulatory regime; The regulatory regime and airline strategies; Airline strategies I: market share or shareholder value? Airline strategies II: enterprise alliances Routes to liberalization: Route I: Open skies agreements? Route II: A transatlantic common aviation area? Route III: The General Agreement on Trade in Services? Route IV: Multilaterals or plurilaterals? Conclusions
1999
Policy Paper
PeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/30/1/transatl_air_trans.pdf
Staniland, Martin. (1999) Transatlantic Air Transport: Routes to Liberalization (DRAFT). European Policy Papers #6. [Policy Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/30/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:33
2011-02-15T22:14:43Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:65636F6E6F6D696366696E616E6369616C61666661697273:65636F6E6F6D696366696E616E6369616C6166666169727362706561
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303431
74797065733D706F6C6963797061706572
Open Skies - Fewer Planes?: Public policy and corporate strategy in EU-US aviation relations. European Policy Papers #3
Staniland, Martin
EU-US
transport policy
business/private economic activity
[Introduction]. The decision of the European Union's (EU) transport ministers to authorize the Commission to begin negotiation of a multilateral aviation agreement with the United States was long in coming and in the process was overtaken by developments in the airline industry itself. The EU has been fighting within itself since 1991 about whether the Commission should exercise authority that it claims under Article 113 of the EC Treaty to negotiate with "third countries" over international air services. In exercising such authority, the Commission would supplant national negotiators who are responsible for maintaining and modifying bilateral Air Service Agreements (ASAs) and would become the sole negotiator for all Member States.
1996-08
Policy Paper
PeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/33/1/open_skies.pdf
Staniland, Martin (1996) Open Skies - Fewer Planes?: Public policy and corporate strategy in EU-US aviation relations. European Policy Papers #3. [Policy Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/33/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:34
2011-02-15T22:14:43Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303130
74797065733D706F6C6963797061706572
Subsidies, Competition Laws And Politics: A Comparison of the E.U. and the U.S.A. European Policy Papers #2
Cacciato, Giuseppe
EU-US
competition policy
[Introduction.] Both the EU and the US have laws and rules intended to promote competition by discouraging monopolies and both sets of rules have similar "anti-trust" character. In the case of the EU, Community law contains general antitrust provisions, provisions for the control of mergers and concentrations, provisions restricting State aids, and particular rules applying to public undertakings. American antitrust law covers similar ground with respect to competition, monopolies, mergers, collusive practices, price discrimination and exclusionary practices. However, American law says nothing about state aids or about preemptive control of subsidies by any level of government. The law's silence on this topic might seem paradoxical. Since the ideology behind antitrust is so clearly an exaltation of free competition in a market economy, one would expect an explicit and stringent restriction of subsidies in American law, alongside the suspicion of economic concentration that is so apparent. But the very strength of the ideology may itself explain the law's silence: the notion of government subsidy - at least so described - is sufficiently alien that lawmakers have not even paused to consider its prohibition or restriction.
1996-07
Policy Paper
PeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/34/1/subsidies_competi_polit.pdf
Cacciato, Giuseppe (1996) Subsidies, Competition Laws And Politics: A Comparison of the E.U. and the U.S.A. European Policy Papers #2. [Policy Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/34/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:35
2011-02-15T22:14:43Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:696E7465726E6174696F6E616C7472616465
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
74797065733D706F6C6963797061706572
Transatlantic Trade Policy: US Market Opening Strategies. European Policy Paper #1
Devuyst, Youri
EU-US
international trade
[Introduction.] Since the 1950s, the European Community (EC) has been trying to build up a new independent legal and economic order. This exercise has been difficult and gradual. Indeed, each step forward in the build-up of the community's legal and economic order requires a new compromise formula between the member states--for example, between the free traders and the economic interventionists; between the more service-oriented, the more industrial-oriented, and the more agricultural economies; and between the richer and the poorer regions. Obviously, the Community is not developing in a vacuum. Since the Community is a major player in international trade relations, its development has an effect, not only within the EC, but also on third countries. Naturally, since Community measures also affect third countries, those third countries, including the United States (US), have been trying to influence or even control the final shape of the EC's legal and economic order. As Jeffrey Garten, the US Under Secretary of Commerce for International Trade, has recently explained, the US is determined to try and shape its trading partners' economic system in view of the US market opening objective. According to Garten, Washington would use its power to try to pry open markets even if it meant challenging "the very industrial organization of countries"(cited in Friedman, 1995). As a result, tension has developed between, on the one hand, the EC's sovereign right to set up its own legal order and, on the other, the outside world's interest in monitoring and influencing the EC's development. This paper examines this tension as it arises in the relationship between the Community and the United States. More specifically, the paper deals with the institutional strategies (multilateral, bilateral, and unilateral) used by the United States to monitor the EC's development and to keep the Common Market open for US exports. The main question is how far each of the institutional strategies was able to help resolve, or better, help prevent, "market opening" conflicts between the US and the EC. At the end of the paper, the current US market opening options toward the EC will be analyzed, including the recent suggestion to create a Transatlantic Free Trade Area (TAFTA) similar to the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).
1995
Policy Paper
PeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/35/1/transatl_trade_policy.pdf
Devuyst, Youri (1995) Transatlantic Trade Policy: US Market Opening Strategies. European Policy Paper #1. [Policy Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/35/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:57
2011-02-15T22:14:44Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D41:7265736561726368696E6777726974696E6745554954
74797065733D72657669657765737361797375626A656374
The Study of Europe in the United States: The Makins Report
Makins, Christopher J.
Hancock, Donald
Scharpf, Fritz W.
EU-US
researching and writing the EU (see also integration theory in this section)
Three senior Europeanists discuss the field of European (Union) studies in the United States.
European Community Studies Association
Staats, Valerie
1999
Review Essay
PeerReviewed
text/html
http://aei.pitt.edu/57/1/makinsforum.htm
Makins, Christopher J. and Hancock, Donald and Scharpf, Fritz W. (1999) The Study of Europe in the United States: The Makins Report. [Review Essay]
http://aei.pitt.edu/57/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:176
2011-02-15T22:14:52Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303339:74706A6861706A63636D746572726F7269736D
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303032
74797065733D64697363757373696F6E7061706572
Shades of Multilateralism. U.S. Perspectives on Europe´s Role in the War on Terrorism. ZEI Discussion Paper: 2002, C 106
Dennison, Andrew.
EU-US
common foreign & security policy 1993--European Global Strategy
terrorism
[Introduction]. Europe has long had a pivotal role in American foreign policy. The catastrophic terrorism that came to America on that sunny Tuesday morning in September 2001 is unlikely to change this. Transatlantic relations will remain at the core of world order, even as the American giant concentrates its might on the prevention of another September 11th. Pursuing the perpetrators of that dark deed, and more importantly, thwarting those who would do so again, will top the American political agenda for a long time to come. An unusual mood of determination has settled across the land; nine months on, the flags still fly; the public still gives the President unprecedented support in his "war on terror." This is an American public that sees the biggest challenges in the war as yet to come. It is a people ostensibly ready to do battle with Iraq. It is an America that sees the challenge of terrorism as long-term and complex. Domestic and foreign policies alike have been infused with a new urgency: concentrating the capacities of the shaken nation on warding off the next attack. If others, if Europe, can help in this quest, so much the better. America’s new determination does not mean America is uninterested in partners. It does mean America is more serious about foreign policy than it has been in a long time. Americans will want to cooperate with partners in Europe and elsewhere — where possible — but Americans will also condone acting alone when necessary. Americans, especially within the broad and diverse foreign policy community, have long debated how much "multilateralism" is possible, how much "unilateralism" is necessary. Operationalized, the abstract opposites "multi" or "uni" most frequently refer to cooperation between the United States of America and the less than united states of Europe. The United States is a global power; all the same, when it talks about international cooperation, it is almost always also talking about cooperation with Europe. This debate over the value of the transatlantic partnership will go on, in a changed context certainly, but by no means bereft of the many underlying continuities that have come to constitute relations across the Atlantic. U.S. perspectives on Europe’s role in the unfolding war against terrorism must thus be seen in the shadow of this larger, older discourse.
2002
Discussion Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/176/1/dp_c106_denison.pdf
Dennison, Andrew. (2002) Shades of Multilateralism. U.S. Perspectives on Europe´s Role in the War on Terrorism. ZEI Discussion Paper: 2002, C 106. [Discussion Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/176/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:218
2011-02-15T22:15:00Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303032
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:636F6E726573
74797065733D64697363757373696F6E7061706572
Structures, possibilities and limits of European crisis reaction forces for conflict prevention and resolution. Conditions for a successful EU security and defence policy, based on the decisions by the EU at Nice 9th December 2000. ZEI Discussion Papers: 2001, C83
Rühl, Lothar
common foreign & security policy 1993--European Global Strategy
EU-US
conflict resolution/crisis management
Introduction. The following paper is based on the author’s "Conditions and options for an autonomous 'Common European Policy on Security and Defence' in and by the European Union in the post-Amsterdam perspective opened at Cologne in June 1999", written after the decisions by the European Council in June 1999 and published by the Center for European Integration Studies in Bonn. In addition, it is supplemented by a new analysis of the problems raised by the later agreements in the context of the EU summit decisions at Helsinki and Nice on European security and defence policy, the European crisis reaction forces and the "Headline Goal" for their strength and composition. The question is asked, whether these decisions and guidelines as well as the Headline Goal for the forces meet the conditions posed by the European security situation, the requirements of the European military contribution to Nato as well as those for an independent European military crisis response. This paper discusses the main aspects of the planned security, defence and crisis response policies in the limited European context against the background of crisis and conflict realities on the European periphery and beyond. It deals in particular with six central issues and problems of a general nature: the issue of political-military structures and intergovernmental decisionmaking in the EU, the problem of force structuring between participants for military operations outside Nato, the issue of standardisation, interoperability and readiness of crisis response forces, the problem of "European options" for independent use of EU forces in crisis and conflict, the issue of "European Armed Forces" and European military integration in the EU - the problem of harmony in the Atlantic alliance for an enlarged "European role". These six subjects are interrelated and must be seen in the general context. They are being dealt with in this discussion paper in three parts: I. The necessary political-military structures and political decision-making in the EU on security and defence policy for crisis response, including the requirements for flexibility in exercise of international missions and mandates under changing conditions. II. The requirements for force structuring, including interoperability and standardisation, readiness of forces and sustainability of deployments in crisis contingencies as conditions for "European" options of crisis response. III. The problems of harmony within the alliance, compatibility with US forces und of the creation of "European Armed Forces" for a "European defence" within the alliance as the hidden agenda behind the EC programme of 1999/2000.
2001
Discussion Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/218/1/dp_c83_ruehl.pdf
Rühl, Lothar (2001) Structures, possibilities and limits of European crisis reaction forces for conflict prevention and resolution. Conditions for a successful EU security and defence policy, based on the decisions by the EU at Nice 9th December 2000. ZEI Discussion Papers: 2001, C83. [Discussion Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/218/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:221
2019-12-04T19:50:53Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
74797065733D64697363757373696F6E7061706572
From Junior Partner to Global Player: The New Transatlantic Agenda and Joint Action Plan. ZEI Discussion Papers: 2001, C 81
Mettler, Ann
EU-US
Introduction. Hailed by President Clinton as the "roadmap for the 21st century", the New Transatlantic Agenda (NTA) and the Joint Action Plan (JAP) were designed to be a watershed in US-EU relations. Rooted in the revolutionary changes of the late 1980s/early 1990s, the US and the EU realized that they were entering the uncertainty of a new and unprecedented political era - the post-Cold War world - which called for a fundamental overhaul of transatlantic relations. It quickly became obvious that the political dialogue between the two needed to be reinvigorated and incorporate a wider area of policy objectives. Ergo, it was necessary to move away from the ad hoc consultations common during the Cold War, and cope with issues which were formerly for the most part unilaterally dealt with by the United States. Only a few years after the first attempt of strengthening transatlantic ties culminated in the Transatlantic Declaration of 1990, policy makers on both sides of the Atlantic realized that further cooperation was called for. At the US-EU summit in Madrid on 3 December 1995, President Bill Clinton, Spanish Prime Minister and President of the EU Council Felipe Gonzalez, and European Commission President Jacques Santer announced a New Transatlantic Agenda (NTA) and a Joint Action Plan (JAP) to forge even closer ties between the United States and the European Union by implementing coordinated policies on a range of the most pressing economic, political, security, humanitarian, environmental and cultural issues. The initiative was a concise plan laying out concrete action plans to cope with today's interdependent world in which challenges facing the United States and the European Union could no longer be dealt with satisfactorily by either party acting alone. Transnational in nature, these challenges, such as international crime, drug trafficking, terrorism, environmental degradation and the spread of communicable diseases, required resources which exceeded those at the disposal of either the US or the EU acting alone. In particular, the two sides promised joined actions to work towards the following four goals: (I) promoting peace and stability and fostering democracy and development around the world (II) responding to new global challenges (III) contributing to the expansion of world trade and closer economic relations (IV) building social and cultural bridges across the Atlantic. Based on the Agenda, the Joint Action Plan is a more comprehensive document which contains 150 longer-term specific objectives from which a number are selected for regular updating of the Agenda between subsequent US-EU summit meetings. The following assessment explores the origins of the Agenda in general and the overall state of transatlantic relations during the 1990's in particular. Furthermore, each policy area is discussed and evaluated from an American and European point of view. Lastly, potential points of friction are examined and a prospect for bringing the Agenda to fruition will be undertaken.
2001
Discussion Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/221/1/dp_c81_mettler.pdf
Mettler, Ann (2001) From Junior Partner to Global Player: The New Transatlantic Agenda and Joint Action Plan. ZEI Discussion Papers: 2001, C 81. [Discussion Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/221/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:397
2011-02-15T22:15:30Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D46:46303236
7375626A656374733D45:45303035
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303033:44303033303133
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303032
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
European Security and Defence after Nice. JMWP No. 31.01, March 2001
Stavridis, Stelios
EU-US
Nice Treaty
U.K.
common foreign & security policy 1993--European Global Strategy
NATO
Recent developments in EU security and defence have surprised by their speed, especially in light of a lack of such progress in the past. Brand new EU security institutions are already in place. EU states have also made clear military troops commitments for a Rapid Deployment Force by 2003. The Nice European Council of December 2000 has confirmed these developments. What has happened and what are the wider implications? Are the EU and NATO on a possible collision course? Probably yes, as both the EU is militarising and the Atlantic Alliance is becoming more and more a political institution. The crucial role of Britain is also examined and it is concluded that it remains more pro-Atlantic and anti-European supranationalism than ever before.
Barbagallo, Valentina
2001-03
Working Paper
PeerReviewed
text/html
http://aei.pitt.edu/397/1/jmwp31.htm
Stavridis, Stelios (2001) European Security and Defence after Nice. JMWP No. 31.01, March 2001. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/397/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:417
2011-02-15T22:15:34Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D45:45303035
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303032
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
European-American Security in the Post-September 11 World. JMWP No. 42.02, May 2002
Schain, Martin
common foreign & security policy 1993--European Global Strategy
EU-US
NATO
[From the Introduction]. Since 1954, two issues have preoccupied US-European security relations. The Americans have been most concerned with getting the Europeans to increase their contribution to the common defense effort in the context of NATO; the Europeans have been most concerned with their ability to act independently outside of area and to influence American decision-making within the NATO area while maintaining the American commitment to the NATO area. What is most remarkable is that the end of the Cold War and the progress of European union has had remarkably little impact on the way that European defense and security is understood. From the European perspective, the old adage that the purpose of NATO was "to keep the Russians out, the Germans down and the Americans in" has changed only marginally. The Germans are no longer down; the Russians remain less than welcome allies but increasingly less out; and the Americans remain a necessary component to any concept of European security.
Barbagallo, Valentina
2002-05
Working Paper
PeerReviewed
text/html
http://aei.pitt.edu/417/1/jmwp42.htm
Schain, Martin (2002) European-American Security in the Post-September 11 World. JMWP No. 42.02, May 2002. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/417/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:450
2011-02-15T23:43:31Z
oai:aei.pitt.edu:465
2011-02-15T23:43:34Z
oai:aei.pitt.edu:468
2011-02-15T23:43:35Z
oai:aei.pitt.edu:474
2011-02-15T22:15:40Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:696E7465726E6174696F6E616C7472616465
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303339:74706A6861706A63636D746572726F7269736D
7375626A656374733D45:45303037
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Trade Wars and the 'War on Terrorism': Transatlantic Economic Relations after September 11 2001"
Young, Alasdair R.
GATT/WTO
terrorism
EU-US
international trade
A spate of transatlantic trade disputes in the early- to mid-1990s, at first glance, appeared to lend credence to the contention that the common security threat of the Cold War had suppressed the politicisation of transatlantic economic competition. From this perspective, the elimination of the common enemy had removed the lid from a number of simmering trade tensions between the US and EU. If this contention were correct, we should expect that the new security challenge posed by global terrorism (highlighted by 9/11) would prompt an calming of transatlantic trade tensions. Using transatlantic trade disputes since September 11 2001 as a lens, this paper, however, argues that such behaviour is the exception rather than the rule. Although geostrategic considerations may influence decisions to initiate formal trade complaints, they do so only in exceptional circumstances. Many other political factors discourage governments from initiating formal trade disputes, particularly with respect to regulatory barriers to trade. This paper therefore problematises the decision to initiate a formal trade dispute and expands the range of political considerations that influence the decision to initiate a trade dispute -- intermediary steps towards developing an explanation for such decisions.
2003
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/474/1/TradeWars%26WarOnTerrorism.pdf
Young, Alasdair R. (2003) "Trade Wars and the 'War on Terrorism': Transatlantic Economic Relations after September 11 2001". In: UNSPECIFIED, Nashville, Tennessee. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/474/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:489
2011-02-15T23:43:41Z
oai:aei.pitt.edu:493
2011-02-15T23:43:42Z
oai:aei.pitt.edu:499
2011-02-15T23:43:43Z
oai:aei.pitt.edu:504
2011-02-15T23:43:46Z
oai:aei.pitt.edu:509
2011-02-15T23:43:50Z
oai:aei.pitt.edu:510
2011-02-15T23:43:51Z
oai:aei.pitt.edu:514
2011-02-15T23:43:52Z
oai:aei.pitt.edu:516
2011-02-15T23:43:52Z
oai:aei.pitt.edu:520
2011-02-15T23:43:56Z
oai:aei.pitt.edu:547
2011-02-15T22:15:43Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
The Hyperpower and the Hype: Reassessing transatlantic relations in the Iraqi context. EIPA Working Paper: 2003/W/1
Duke, Simon
EU-US
[From the Introduction]. This examination of the state of transatlantic relations argues that the positions of the EU Member States and the U.S. are in fact more nuanced. Two concerns are highlighted. The first is that the European resistance to military intervention in Iraq is not only a result of collective military weakness which, ipso facto, leads to a preference for a non-military resolution. The positions of any EU Member States stems from profound concern about what military intervention might trigger in the mid to longer term, both in Iraq as well as the region generally. The second concern is that the push for military intervention by the Bush administration, possibly without substantial international support, will compromise the chances for long-term stability in the region. The decisive advantage of the U.S., the hyperpuissance, over its European allies is its overwhelming military superiority. This alone cannot guarantee peace and stability for the region. That can only be done through multilateral efforts which the U.S. is not necessarily the best equipped to lead.
2003
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/547/1/2003w01.PDF
Duke, Simon (2003) The Hyperpower and the Hype: Reassessing transatlantic relations in the Iraqi context. EIPA Working Paper: 2003/W/1. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/547/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:670
2011-02-15T23:44:00Z
oai:aei.pitt.edu:678
2011-02-15T23:44:05Z
oai:aei.pitt.edu:682
2011-02-15T23:44:06Z
oai:aei.pitt.edu:686
2011-02-15T23:44:07Z
oai:aei.pitt.edu:687
2011-02-15T23:44:08Z
oai:aei.pitt.edu:694
2011-02-15T23:44:11Z
oai:aei.pitt.edu:708
2011-02-15T23:44:19Z
oai:aei.pitt.edu:712
2011-02-15T23:44:23Z
oai:aei.pitt.edu:713
2011-02-15T23:44:23Z
oai:aei.pitt.edu:874
2011-02-15T22:16:36Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303230
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
The Kyoto Protocol's emissions trading system: An EU-US Environmental Flip-Flop. Working Paper #5, August 2003
Damro, Chad
Luaces-Méndez, Pilar
EU-US
environmental policy (including international arena)
[From the Introduction]. This study proceeds in the following manner. First, it describes the origins and modalities of the international emissions trading system. Second, the study discusses the opposing US and EU positions during the Kyoto negotiations based on their respective approaches to international environmental policy. Third, the study briefly addresses the EU-US flip-flop at the Kyoto Summit. Fourth, the study investigates the post-summit actions of these two actors, focusing on the domestic politics that explain their respective positions and actions. The study concludes with a discussion of the findings and implications for future developments in the Kyoto emissions trading system.
2003-08
Working Paper
PeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/874/1/Kyoto.pdf
Damro, Chad and Luaces-Méndez, Pilar (2003) The Kyoto Protocol's emissions trading system: An EU-US Environmental Flip-Flop. Working Paper #5, August 2003. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/874/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:1436
2011-02-15T22:18:35Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303033
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303232
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303132
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303339:74706A6861706A63636D696D6D6967726174696F6E706F6C696379
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303038
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303330
74797065733D706F6C6963797061706572
Lessons of European Integration for the Americas
Anderson, Sarah
Canavagh, John.
regional policy/structural funds
regionalism, international
cohesion policy
development
EU-Latin America
general
EU-US
immigration policy
agriculture policy
environmental policy (including international arena)
As criticism mounts in the Americas over what many perceive to be an overly narrow approach to integration, there is growing interest among political leaders and citizen groups to learn more from the most advanced regional integration project in the world: the European Union. This report draws lessons from the European experience that may be relevant for the debate over the proposed Free Trade Area of the Americas in five issue areas: development funds, migration, agriculture, social and environmental standards, and public participation.
2004-02
Policy Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/msword
http://aei.pitt.edu/1436/1/Lessons_of_European_Integration_for_the_Americas.doc
text/html
http://aei.pitt.edu/1436/2/eulessons/EUlessons.pdf
Anderson, Sarah and Canavagh, John. (2004) Lessons of European Integration for the Americas. [Policy Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/1436/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:1609
2011-02-15T23:44:49Z
oai:aei.pitt.edu:1617
2011-02-15T22:19:20Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303033:44303033303033
7375626A656374733D44:44303033:436F6E7374346575726F7065
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
74797065733D72657669657765737361797375626A656374
The Convention on the Future of Europe - Transatlantic Perspectives
Magnette, Paul
Dinan, Desmond
Dehousse, Renaud.
EU-US
Constitution for Europe
European Convention
[Introduction by Virginie Guiraudon, Forum Editor]. In June 2000, the Convention on the Future of Europe delivered its project for a draft Constitution to the European Council as a basis for negotiations during the 2003-2004 Intergovernmental Conference. Although it is too early to tell how different the final outcome will be from the Convention draft, it is time to reflect on the Convention as process, and situate this EU experiment in deliberative negotiating. In this "EUSA Review Forum", three authors look back at the work of the Convention and analyze it in a historical and transatlantic light.
Guiraudon, Virginie
2003
Review Essay
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/1617/1/ConventionForum.pdf
Magnette, Paul and Dinan, Desmond and Dehousse, Renaud. (2003) The Convention on the Future of Europe - Transatlantic Perspectives. [Review Essay]
http://aei.pitt.edu/1617/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:1619
2011-02-15T22:19:20Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
74797065733D72657669657765737361797375626A656374
Transatlantic Relations: A Year Later
Meunier, Sophie
Keeler, John T. S.
Guiraudon, Virginie.
EU-US
[Introduction by Virginie Guiraudon, EUSA Forum Editor]. After the bombings in Madrid on March 11, 2004, presented in the press as "Europe's September 11th," U.S. and EU leaders will intensify cooperation in the area of Justice and Home Affairs. Yet, in other policy sectors, the EU and the U.S. publicly voice their differences. The declarations of the next head of government, the Socialist Jose Luis Rodriguez Zapatero, regarding Spanish troops in Iraq suggest that the "pro-Bush" coalition in the EU is about to change. A year after the beginning of the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq and the intra-EU and transatlantic tensions that resulted from the build-up to the war, it is time to assess the state of EU-U.S. relations. Two of the contributions to this Forum on transatlantic relations are adapted from talks delivered by board members John Keeler and Sophie Meunier at the workshop that EUSA and Sciences Po organized in Paris in November 2003. They respectively focus on defense and trade issues. They make us understand that the lines of cleavage are not the ones that receive the most media and popular attention and that we should rethink the way we rank the intensity of disputes and explain them. We conclude with an area where cooperation is both new and successful: border controls.
2004
Review Essay
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/1619/1/Spring2004Forum.pdf
Meunier, Sophie and Keeler, John T. S. and Guiraudon, Virginie. (2004) Transatlantic Relations: A Year Later. [Review Essay]
http://aei.pitt.edu/1619/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:1629
2013-11-03T02:12:57Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
Transatlantic Relations in Post-Iraq War Global Politics. JMWP No. 50.03, December 2003
Attina, Fulvio.
EU-US
The paper analyzes the American President Bush’s prevention doctrine and the potential effect of the American intervention in Iraq on the relations between Europe and the United States. The hegemonic theory of international politics and the evolutionary world politics model are adopted to understand the present phase of change of world politics.
Valentina, Barbagallo.
2003-12
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/1629/1/jmwp50.htm
Attina, Fulvio. (2003) Transatlantic Relations in Post-Iraq War Global Politics. JMWP No. 50.03, December 2003. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/1629/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:1641
2011-02-15T22:19:26Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303339:74706A6861706A63636D746572726F7269736D
74797065733D64697363757373696F6E7061706572
Die Auswirkungen des 11. September 2001 auf die transatlantischen Beziehungen = The Effect of September 11, 2001 on the Transatlantic relationship. ZEI Discussion Paper: 2003, C 118
Denison, Andrew B.
Ruhl, Lothar
Tibi, Bassam.
terrorism
EU-US
[Table of Contents]. "Rally the World" – Die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika und die transatlantischen Beziehungen seit dem 11. September, by Andrew B. Denison; Das europäisch-amerikanische Verhältnis seit dem 11. September 2001, by Lothar Ruhl; Die transatlantischen Beziehungen seit dem 11. September, by Bassam Tibi.
Meiers, Franz-Josef.
2003
Discussion Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/1641/1/dp_c118_meiers.pdf
Denison, Andrew B. and Ruhl, Lothar and Tibi, Bassam. (2003) Die Auswirkungen des 11. September 2001 auf die transatlantischen Beziehungen = The Effect of September 11, 2001 on the Transatlantic relationship. ZEI Discussion Paper: 2003, C 118. [Discussion Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/1641/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:1660
2011-02-15T22:19:30Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D41:41303239
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303032
74797065733D64697363757373696F6E7061706572
The End of the Cold War and US-EU-Relations. ZEI Discussion Paper: 2003, C122
Camp, Glen D.
common foreign & security policy 1993--European Global Strategy
integration theory (see also researching and writing the EU in this section)
EU-US
[Introduction]. We begin with a version of our preferred theoretical approach of Political Culture applying it to U.S. foreign policy formulation on the one hand, and the nascent European Union Common Defense and Security Policy (CDSP) as well as its most recent "Rapid Reaction Force" (RRF) developments on the other. We also suggest that the modern nation-state is one form of ethnocentrism, which arises from a primordial human urge to live together as social animals in Aristotle’s terminology. We suggest that the nation-state is only one of many theoretically possible forms of ethnocentrism, as "weak" or "failed" states and empires also exist. We see the modern “nation” as the creation of the modern state and not vice versa. We are therefore of the "modernist" school which differs from the primordialist and perennialist schools of thought in that modern nations as forms of social cohesion are by no means a matter of historical necessity. Some form of social cohesion larger than the family is in our view a matter of historical necessity, but the nation-state is the form which actually dominates. Thus even though nations are "natural" in the sense of fulfilling the historical human need for some form of social cohesion transcending the family, they are not "inevitable" in our view. Again, this issue lies beyond the specific purview of our paper. But a brief review of the work of theorists of nation formation and in the case of the European Union, supranational entity formation, is fundamental to understanding our paper.
2003
Discussion Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/1660/1/dp_c122_camp.pdf
Camp, Glen D. (2003) The End of the Cold War and US-EU-Relations. ZEI Discussion Paper: 2003, C122. [Discussion Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/1660/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:1665
2011-02-15T22:19:32Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:44303035303136
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D46:46303038
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:44303035303131
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303032
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303037
74797065733D64697363757373696F6E7061706572
The 2003 Hellenic Presidency of the European Union: Mediterranean Perspectives on the ESD. ZEI Discussion Paper: 2003, C 128
Xenakis, Dimitris K.
Chryssochoou, Dimitris N.
EU-US
common foreign & security policy 1993--European Global Strategy
European Council-Presidency
European Council
EU-Mediterranean/Union for the Mediterranean
Greece
[From the Introduction]. The terrorist attacks against the US on September 11th, 2001, have ushered in a new era in international politics. The priorities of international relations, the nature of regional politics, the shape of political alliances, along with the driving purpose of US foreign policy, the nature of international cleavages, and the evolving role of military forces, including the risks of weapons of mass destruction, have all been affected by the epoch-making events. The latter have also altered the Western strategic threshold, but have not really challenged, at least fundamentally, the dominant US position in world politics, although the impact on the current US strategy debate is profound. Likewise, the overall international security paradigm remained reasonably clear-cut, in that the US dominates, in large measure, the post-Cold War international system, especially those aspects of the system dealing with security issues.
2003
Discussion Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/1665/1/dp_c128_xenakis.pdf
Xenakis, Dimitris K. and Chryssochoou, Dimitris N. (2003) The 2003 Hellenic Presidency of the European Union: Mediterranean Perspectives on the ESD. ZEI Discussion Paper: 2003, C 128. [Discussion Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/1665/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:1668
2011-02-15T22:19:33Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D46:46303331
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303033:44303033303032
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303133
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303339:74706A6861706A63636D696D6D6967726174696F6E706F6C696379
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303032
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303037
74797065733D64697363757373696F6E7061706572
Euro-Mediterranean Co-operation: Enlarging and Widening the Perspective. ZEI Discussion Paper: 2004, C 131
Bobinski, Krzysztof
Chourou, Bechir
Daguzan, Jean-François
de Marco, Guido
Jacobs, Andreas
Kajnè, Zlatko Šabiè/Sabina
Kühnhardt, Ludger
Lauterfeld, Babak Khalatbari/Marc
Lesser, Ian O.
Rhein, Stephen Calleya/Eberhard
Saaf, Abdallah
common foreign & security policy 1993--European Global Strategy
EU-Middle East
Malta
enlargement
EU-Mediterranean/Union for the Mediterranean
immigration policy
EU-US
[Table of Contents]. Introduction, by Andreas Jacobs; The Future of Euro-Mediterranean Relations: the Vision of Malta, by H.E. President Guido de Marco; The Euro-Med Partnership Needs a Strong Push, by Stephen Calleya/Eberhard Rhein; European Enlargement and its Impact on the Barcelona Process, by Bechir Chourou; European Enlargement and the Barcelona Process, by Krzysztof Bobinski; Mapping the Impact of Enlargement on the Euro-Mediterranean Partnership, by Zlatko Šabiè/Sabina Kajnè; Under Full Sail in a Millennium of Migration? Enlargement in the East and “Push and Pull Factors” in the South, by Babak Khalatbari/Marc Lauterfeld; Impact of the Iraq War on Mediterranean Security and Dialogue, by Ian O. Lesser; L’impact de la guerre contre l’Irak sur le processus Méditerranéen, by Abdallah Saaf; From the Mediterranean to a Greater Middle East: Challenges for European Policy Formulation, by Jean-François Daguzan; System-Opening and Cooperative Transformation of the Greater Middle East: Elements of a New Common Transatlantic Project, by Ludger Kühnhardt.
Jacobs, Andreas.
2004
Discussion Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/1668/1/dp_c131_jacobs.pdf
Bobinski, Krzysztof and Chourou, Bechir and Daguzan, Jean-François and de Marco, Guido and Jacobs, Andreas and Kajnè, Zlatko Šabiè/Sabina and Kühnhardt, Ludger and Lauterfeld, Babak Khalatbari/Marc and Lesser, Ian O. and Rhein, Stephen Calleya/Eberhard and Saaf, Abdallah (2004) Euro-Mediterranean Co-operation: Enlarging and Widening the Perspective. ZEI Discussion Paper: 2004, C 131. [Discussion Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/1668/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:1838
2011-02-15T23:44:52Z
oai:aei.pitt.edu:1846
2020-02-28T14:39:55Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303337
7375626A656374733D46:46303233
7375626A656374733D46:46303036
7375626A656374733D46:46303037
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303138:656C6D656D706C6F796D656E74756E656D706C6F796D656E74
7375626A656374733D46:46303236
7375626A656374733D45:45303036
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:65636F6E6F6D696366696E616E6369616C61666661697273:65666166697363616C706F6C696379
7375626A656374733D46:46303135
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
Structural Estimates of Equilibrium Unemployment in Six OECD Economies. ENEPRI Working Paper No. 22, July 2003
Horst, Albert van der.
tax policy
EU-US
OECD
France
Germany
Netherlands
Spain
U.K.
fiscal policy
employment/unemployment
In Europe, neither unemployment rates nor institutions are uniform. In the EMU, countries have coordinated their monetary policy, and fiscal policy might follow. Does convergence in fiscal policy imply that unemployment rates will converge, too, or is diversified fiscal policy desirable? An answer to this question requires insight into the dependence on fiscal policy of the unemployment rate in equilibrium. This study estimates the equilibrium rate of unemployment and shows that it has been affected significantly by taxes and benefits. Uniform fiscal policy would not, however, harmonise the unemployment rates because the impact of policy varies widely across the OECD economies.
2003-07
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/1846/1/ENEPRI_WP22.pdf
Horst, Albert van der. (2003) Structural Estimates of Equilibrium Unemployment in Six OECD Economies. ENEPRI Working Paper No. 22, July 2003. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/1846/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:1906
2011-02-15T23:44:53Z
oai:aei.pitt.edu:1940
2011-02-15T23:44:54Z
oai:aei.pitt.edu:1943
2011-02-15T22:20:39Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:627564676574706F6C696379
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303339:747068616A63636D636D
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
74797065733D706F6C6963797061706572
The Civil False Claims Act: Using Lincoln’s Law to Protect the European Community Budget. CEPS Policy Brief No. 43, December 2003
Riley, Alan.
EU-US
criminal matters (organized crime, drug & sex trade)
budgets & financing
[From the Introduction]. This paper argues that the US Civil False Claims Act of 1986 (hereafter CFCA) could provide the European Community with a means to effectively protect the largely decentralised revenue collection and expenditure of the Community budget. It also offers a solution to the difficulty of creating an effective means of investigation and penalisation of cross-border fraud without having to create a Community criminal law or a European Public Prosecutor.
2003-12
Policy Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/1943/1/PB43.pdf
Riley, Alan. (2003) The Civil False Claims Act: Using Lincoln’s Law to Protect the European Community Budget. CEPS Policy Brief No. 43, December 2003. [Policy Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/1943/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:1951
2011-02-15T23:44:55Z
oai:aei.pitt.edu:1953
2011-02-15T23:44:55Z
oai:aei.pitt.edu:1954
2011-02-15T23:44:56Z
oai:aei.pitt.edu:1955
2011-02-15T23:44:56Z
oai:aei.pitt.edu:1956
2011-02-15T22:20:41Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303032
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
European and Transatlantic Defence-Industrial Strategies. ESF Working Paper No. 10, January 2003
Becher, Klaus
Adams, Gordon
Schmitt, Burkard.
EU-US
common foreign & security policy 1993--European Global Strategy
Contains three separate papers: Chairman's Summing Up, by Klaus Becher; Transatlantic Defence - Industrial Cooperation and American Policy, by Gordon Adams; European and Transatlantic Defence - Industrial Strategies, by Burkard Schmitt.
2003-01
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/1956/1/ESF_WP10.pdf
Becher, Klaus and Adams, Gordon and Schmitt, Burkard. (2003) European and Transatlantic Defence-Industrial Strategies. ESF Working Paper No. 10, January 2003. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/1956/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:1957
2011-02-15T23:44:56Z
oai:aei.pitt.edu:1958
2011-02-15T23:44:57Z
oai:aei.pitt.edu:1959
2011-02-15T23:44:57Z
oai:aei.pitt.edu:1960
2011-02-15T22:20:41Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D46:46303334
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:636F6E726573
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303133
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303032
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
What Strategy for the Greater Middle East? ESF Working Paper No. 15, January 2004
Heisbourg, Francois
Sturmer, Michael
Simon, Steven
Zvygelskaya, Irena.
EU-US
Russia
common foreign & security policy 1993--European Global Strategy
conflict resolution/crisis management
EU-Middle East
Contains four separate papers: Chairman’s Summing up, by Francois Heisbourg; What Strategy for the Greater Middle East? A European Perspective, by Michael Sturmer; A Grand Strategy for the Middle East: An American Perspective, by Steven Simon; What Strategy for the Greater Middle East? A Russian Perspective, by Irina Zvyagelskaya.
2004-01
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/1960/1/ESF_WP15.pdf
Heisbourg, Francois and Sturmer, Michael and Simon, Steven and Zvygelskaya, Irena. (2004) What Strategy for the Greater Middle East? ESF Working Paper No. 15, January 2004. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/1960/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:1977
2011-02-15T22:20:44Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:706F6C69746963616C6166666169727331323334:706166667075626C69636F70696E696F6E
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303230
74797065733D706F6C6963797061706572
Where is the transatlantic divide in public opinion on climate change issues? Evidence for 1989-2002. CEPS Policy Brief No. 35, July 2003
Brewer, Thomas.
EU-US
public opinion
environmental policy (including international arena)
This paper is based on an analysis of the results of more than 40 public opinion surveys taken during the period from 1989 through 2002; special attention is given to surveys taken during 2000-02. The analysis concludes that approximately two-fifths of the public are seriously concerned about global warming. Another two-fifths are moderately concerned; shifts in the opinions of this moderately concerned group would likely alter the future course of government policies. The other one-fifth of the public does not consider global warming much of a problem, does not worry about it very much or not at all, and does not believe that carbon dioxide emissions are a cause of it. A substantial majority of the US public wants the government to do something about the problem of global warming, and they would like the US to participate in the Kyoto Protocol. Most respondents prefer mandatory rather than voluntary emission reductions by industry. A majority of the public supports US economic assistance to fund mitigation projects in developing countries. Gaps between the US public and US leaders are evident, with the public exhibiting more concern and more support for new policies. The level of US public concern is nearly as high as it is among European publics, where there is also opposition to current US policy.
2003-07
Policy Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/1977/1/PB35.pdf
Brewer, Thomas. (2003) Where is the transatlantic divide in public opinion on climate change issues? Evidence for 1989-2002. CEPS Policy Brief No. 35, July 2003. [Policy Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/1977/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:1985
2011-02-15T22:20:46Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D46:46303334
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:636F6E726573
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303339:74706A6861706A63636D746572726F7269736D
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303032
7375626A656374733D46:4647656F72676961
74797065733D706F6C6963797061706572
Georgia’s Pankisi Gorge: Russian, US and European Connections. CEPS Policy Brief No. 23, June 2002
Devdariani, Jaba
Hancilova, Blanka.
common foreign & security policy 1993--European Global Strategy
Georgia
terrorism
EU-US
Russia
conflict resolution/crisis management
[From the Introduction]. The Georgian government fails to exercise effective control over parts of its territory. In the last decade, Georgian statehood has been threatened by a civil war and secessionist conflicts. Its government has failed to reform its armed forces and has lost control over the Pankisi Gorge, a sparsely populated patch of the Caucasus Mountains on the border to Chechnya. Some hundreds Chechen fighters including several dozen Islamic extremists connected to the al-Qaeda network are believed to be hiding in that area. After the attacks on the United States on 11 September, the risks posed by failing states in the propagation of international terrorist networks are being taken more seriously into consideration. The US decision to send up to 200 special operation forces to Georgia in March 2002, in order to train Georgian forces to regain control over the Pankisi Gorge, proceeds from this logic. The European Union and its member states are fully engaged in the American-led campaign against international terrorism. While the EU is not a major factor in the military actions planned to tackle the presence of the international terrorists in Pankisi, it has a significant role to play in supporting these actions. As will be argued in this paper, this possible support is not limited to humanitarian and development programs to make the solution to the Pankisi problem sustainable. Finding conjunction between security and developmental responses and institutions is a major challenge for EU policy in relation to Pankisi. The first part of this paper provides background information on the Pankisi Gorge, analyses the weakness of the Georgian armed forces, the motives and details of US-Georgian security assistance and the Russian response to the enhanced American involvement. The final section of this paper analyses European Union policies in Georgia in the framework of its antiterrorism agenda and its cooperation with the OSCE in Georgia. The paper concludes in identifying the role of the Pankisi issue in the context of European Union policies, and includes some policy recommendations concerning future EU policies towards Georgia.
2002-06
Policy Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/1985/1/PB23.PDF
Devdariani, Jaba and Hancilova, Blanka. (2002) Georgia’s Pankisi Gorge: Russian, US and European Connections. CEPS Policy Brief No. 23, June 2002. [Policy Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/1985/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2000
2013-11-03T18:14:46Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303032
74797065733D706F6C6963797061706572
Issues for Europe - Post 11 September. CEPS Policy Brief No. 8, September 2001
Emerson, Michael
Gros, Daniel.
EU-US
common foreign & security policy 1993--European Global Strategy
[Introduction]. Ten days now after 11 September, the policy agenda becomes a huge set of interlocking issues –political, strategic, economic. The present note makes a first survey of these issues, and expresses opinions on some of them. However the main purpose is to establish a template or framework to help monitor and evaluate the evolution of the world’s response to this massive event. It will be updated and revised in further CEPS Policy Briefs as the story unfolds.
2001-09
Policy Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2000/1/PB08.pdf
Emerson, Michael and Gros, Daniel. (2001) Issues for Europe - Post 11 September. CEPS Policy Brief No. 8, September 2001. [Policy Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/2000/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2016
2011-02-15T22:20:54Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:65636F6E6F6D696366696E616E6369616C61666661697273:65666167656E6572616C
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:69646F7067:69646F706768646F63
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
Comparing Shocks and Frictions in US and Euro Area Business Cycles: A Bayesian DSGE Approach. NBB Working Paper Nr. 61, October 2004
Smets, Frank
Wouters, Raf.
historical development of EC (pre-1986)
EU-US
general
This paper estimates a DSGE model with many types of shocks and frictions for both the US and the euro area economy over a common sample period (1974-2002). The structural estimation methodology allows us to investigate whether differences in business cycle behaviour are due to differences in the type of shocks that affect the two economies, differences in the propagation mechanism of those shocks or differences in the way the central bank responds to those economic developments. Our main conclusion is that each of those characteristics is remarkably similar across both currency areas.
2004
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2016/1/WP61.pdf
Smets, Frank and Wouters, Raf. (2004) Comparing Shocks and Frictions in US and Euro Area Business Cycles: A Bayesian DSGE Approach. NBB Working Paper Nr. 61, October 2004. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/2016/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2019
2011-02-15T22:20:54Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032696E7465726E6174696F6E616C65636F6E6F6D79
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303136
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
Open Regionalism Going Global: APEC and the New Transatlantic Economic Partnership. Pacific Economic Paper No. 286, December 1998
Elek, Andrew.
international economy
regionalism, international
EU-Asia-general
EU-US
Since 1996, the European Union (EU) has launched several significant initiatives which seek to forge closer economic partnerships with various APEC participants. The 1996 Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM) initiative has now been followed by the launch of a new Transatlantic Economic Partnership (TEP) to be forged between the EU and the United States. These links will influence the evolution of APEC, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) as well as the potential Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA). This combination of initiatives could contribute towards the gradual emergence of a global marketplace. On the other hand, since the EU and APEC have adopted very different models of cooperation, these new experiments in inter-regional economic cooperation could also lead to new tensions within existing regional groups. The TEP represents a new approach to the EU’s economic relations with the rest of the world. It does not propose yet another traditional, preferential ‘free trade area” and deals with issues other than the reduction of border barriers to trade. The proposal also indicates clear awareness of the need for the TEP to co-exist and complement other international economic institutions. This combination of features creates an opportunity to encourage the leaders of both APEC and the EU to adopt some new guiding principles for the nature of new cooperative arrangements among groups of economies. Such principles would seek to ensure that new cooperative arrangements among economies were ‘open clubs’ which took adequate account of the interests of others; these principles can build on and generalise the fundamental principles of the World Trade Organisation (WTO)as well as on APEC’s principles of open regionalism, as expressed in the 1995 Osaka Action Agenda. They will also need to be applicable to the full range of international economic transactions, which now extend far beyond trade in goods and services. This paper proposes a set of guiding principles to facilitate closer economic integration among groups of economies are proposed in this paper; under the headings of: WTO-consistency, transparency, non-discrimination, accession and review.
1998-12
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2019/1/pep%2D286.pdf
Elek, Andrew. (1998) Open Regionalism Going Global: APEC and the New Transatlantic Economic Partnership. Pacific Economic Paper No. 286, December 1998. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/2019/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2027
2011-02-15T22:20:55Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:4430303245554361756361737573
7375626A656374733D45:45303039
7375626A656374733D46:46303332
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:636F6E726573
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303133
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:4430303268726469
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303037
74797065733D64697363757373696F6E7061706572
The CSCE as a Model to Transform Western Relations with the Greater Middle East. ZEI Discussion Paper C 137, 2004
Kühnhard, Ludger
Laschet, Armin
Rühl, Lothar
Alnawwab, Nabil
Masala, Carlo
Fröhlich, Stefan
Baðci, Hüseyin
Voskanian, Ashot
Magen, Amichai
Posch, Walter
Hitti, Nassif
Lesser, Ian O.
EU-US
EU-Caucasus
OSCE/Helsinki Process/CSCE
conflict resolution/crisis management
human rights & democracy initiatives
EU-Middle East
EU-Mediterranean/Union for the Mediterranean
Turkey
[Table of Contents]. Kühnhardt, Ludger. "System-opening and Cooperative Transformation of the Greater Middle East. A New Transatlantic Project and a Joint Euro-Atlantic-Arab Task"; Laschet, Armin. "Euro-Mediterranean Partnership: Beyond the Iraq crisis"; Lothar Rühl, Lothar. "Can the CSCE be a Role-Model to Frame the Political Processes of the Greater Middle East with Europe and the United States?"; Alnawwab, Nabil. "Conflict of Mythologies: The Debate on Reform of the Greater Middle East"; Masala, Carlo. "Is the Model of the Baskets Applicable to the Greater Middle East?"; Fröhlich, Stefan. "How much Regional Differentiation is Necessary to Establish a Successful CSCE-analogous Process?"; Baðci, Hüseyin. "The Greater Middle East Project and Turkey’s Attitude towards it"; Voskanian, Ashot. "South Caucasus within the Perspective of Contemporary Integration Processes"; Magen, Amichai. "Building Democratic Peace in the Eastern Mediterranean: An Inevitably Ambitious Agenda"; Posch, Walter. "What Preconditions for a CSCE-like Approach for the Region?"; Hitti, Nassif. "The Fantasies of a Middle Eastern OSCE"; Lesser, Ian O. "Institutional Issues Surrounding a CSCE-like Approach to the Middle East".
Marchetti, Andreas.
2004
Discussion Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2027/1/dp_c137_marchetti.pdf
Kühnhard, Ludger and Laschet, Armin and Rühl, Lothar and Alnawwab, Nabil and Masala, Carlo and Fröhlich, Stefan and Baðci, Hüseyin and Voskanian, Ashot and Magen, Amichai and Posch, Walter and Hitti, Nassif and Lesser, Ian O. (2004) The CSCE as a Model to Transform Western Relations with the Greater Middle East. ZEI Discussion Paper C 137, 2004. [Discussion Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/2027/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2089
2011-02-15T22:21:11Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303133
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Regional rivals or allies for peace? EU-U.S. relations in the Middle East"
Gomez, Ricardo.
EU-US
EU-Middle East
This paper examines the recent history of the EU and U.S. approaches to key issues in the Middle East, and contends that European passivity in the face of the USA's dominance may no longer be tenable. Section 1 considers U.S. and European reactions to the series of events precipitated by the 1990 Gulf War and the subsequent U.S.-sponsored Madrid conference between Israel and the Palestinians. European and U.S. involvement as the Peace Process evolved is the focus of section 2, which assesses the EU's efforts to increase its diplomatic influence relative to that of the USA. Section 3 examines the transatlantic relationship in a broader context. It assesses the potential for trade, investment and security to be stimuli for competition and collaboration between the EU and USA.
2001
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2089/1/002105_1.PDF
Gomez, Ricardo. (2001) "Regional rivals or allies for peace? EU-U.S. relations in the Middle East". In: UNSPECIFIED, Madison, Wisconsin. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2089/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2094
2011-02-15T22:21:13Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:65636F6E6F6D696366696E616E6369616C61666661697273:65636F6E6F6D696366696E616E6369616C6166666169727362706561
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303032
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:676C6F62616C69736174696F6E676C6F62616C697A6174696F6E
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Globalization, integration, and Europe's defense industry"
Guay, Terrence
Callum, Robert.
EU-US
common foreign & security policy 1993--European Global Strategy
globalisation/globalization
business/private economic activity
This paper explains how Europe's defense industry has evolved from the end of the Cold War by transforming itself from a collection of nationally oriented firms to one domination by two giants. We argue that both globalization and integration are responsible for this development. After describing the evolution of this sector during the 1990s, we present four factors that played key roles. They are: developments within the United States defense industry; the impact of technology and defense economics; general economic restructuring within the European Union (EU) coupled with a nascent defense industrial policy; and progress toward the creation of a European Security and Defense Policy. One of the main implications of this paper is that the EU plays a key and under-appreciated economic and political role in the changes that take place within Europe's defense industry.
2001
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2094/1/002110_1.pdf
Guay, Terrence and Callum, Robert. (2001) "Globalization, integration, and Europe's defense industry". In: UNSPECIFIED, Madison, Wisconsin. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2094/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2102
2011-02-15T22:21:15Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303230
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Balancing interests in the EU and the U.S.: A comparison of environmental policymaking institutions and water policy outputs"
Hoornbeek, John A.
EU-US
environmental policy (including international arena)
In multi-level political systems such as the European Union and the United States, governing institutions balance the influence of territorially and functionally based interests in the policymaking process. This paper argues that-in comparative terms-EU intuitional structures for environmental decision-making provide relatively strong opportunities for influence by territorially based interests, while environmental policymaking institutions in the U.S. tend to allow for the exercise of relatively greater levels of influence by functionally based interests. It further argues that these institutional differences have implications for water policy outputs in the two political jurisdictions. Specifically, it suggests that the EU's more geographically oriented institutional structures enable a relatively high level of horizontal integration across policy sectors during the formulation stage of the policy process. In the U.S., by contrast, relatively high levels of institutional receptiveness to functionally oriented interests have contributed to more vertically integrated structures for drinking water and surface water policy implementation.
2001
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2102/1/002116.PDF
Hoornbeek, John A. (2001) "Balancing interests in the EU and the U.S.: A comparison of environmental policymaking institutions and water policy outputs". In: UNSPECIFIED, Madison, Wisconsin. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2102/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2105
2011-02-15T22:21:16Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303232
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D46:46303332
7375626A656374733D44:44303033:44303033303032
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Similar feathers or different stripes? Mexico, Turkey and the limits of regional integration"
Hussain, Imtiaz.
regionalism, international
enlargement
EU-Latin America
Turkey
EU-US
Mexico's and Turkey's regionalist pursuits predictably changed the rules of integration game, as much out of their own idiosyncratic contributions to both theory-building and policy-making, as through developments beyond their control. Those are the broad findings of a comparative study of the two actual/potential developing country trading bloc members. By examining the economic credentials and liabilities of both, the endogenous features of integration theories, and the exogenous forces impinging upon them, the study further finds two countries with similar structures inclinations in the global economy confronting different future prospects and imposing dissimilar challenges upon regional integration. Critical to the outcomes have been the explicit and implicit roles of United States: its proximity to Mexico working wonders for that country but deepening dependency, its withdrawal from Turkey improving that country's regionalist chances but weakening the exclusiveness of the European Union. The United States is found to be one of a few exogenous forces challenging their endogenous counterparts in shaping regionalism today, pushing regionalism and regional integration theories increasingly to trespass the domains of other paradigms and policy objectives. Questions are raised how policy-makers and theory builders may escape the dilemmas they face.
2001
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2105/1/002119.PDF
Hussain, Imtiaz. (2001) "Similar feathers or different stripes? Mexico, Turkey and the limits of regional integration". In: UNSPECIFIED, Madison, Wisconsin. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2105/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2132
2011-02-15T22:21:22Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D46:46303036
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:69646F7067:69646F7067646D706D
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303436
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Science and public participation in regulating genetically-modified food: French and American experiences"
Lynch, Diahanna
Da Ros, Jérôme.
EU-US
public health policy (including global activities)
France
decision making/policy-making
The paper is divided into two sections. The first section considers the role of science and policy, contrasting it with understandings of participatory policymaking. It suggests resolving the tension between these two modes by turning to regulatory officials. Regulators are often portrayed as empty vessels reflecting the preferences of either scientists or the public, but in fact can possess considerable discretion in resolving tensions. We then suggest a set of ideal types of policymaking. The second section turns to the analysis of our cases. We consider the Citizen Conference and the Commission du Génie Biomoléculaire in France, and the Food and Drug Administration public meetings in the United States. We conclude with some reflections on how well these three cases integrate and moderate expert and public participation.
2001
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2132/1/002186_1.PDF
Lynch, Diahanna and Da Ros, Jérôme. (2001) "Science and public participation in regulating genetically-modified food: French and American experiences". In: UNSPECIFIED, Madison, Wisconsin. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2132/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2142
2011-02-15T22:21:24Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:706F6C69746963616C6166666169727331323334:70616666676F7665726E616E6365
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:65636F6E6F6D696366696E616E6369616C61666661697273:656661454D55454D536575726F
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303033:44303033303032
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:69646F7067:69646F706768646F63
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:706F6C69746963616C6166666169727331323334:7061666664656D6F637261637964656D6F63726174696364656669636974
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:696E7465726E6174696F6E616C7472616465
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303032
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Between national sovereignty and international power: What external voice for the Euro?"
McNamara, Kathleen R.
Meunier, Sophie.
governance: EU & national level
EU-US
democracy/democratic deficit
common foreign & security policy 1993--European Global Strategy
enlargement
international trade
EMU/EMS/euro
historical development of EC (pre-1986)
[T]his paper evaluates the potential paths facing the EU as it projects the face of a single currency abroad. First, we analyze the need for a single voice representing the single European currency internationally. We highlight the different circumstances in which a currency needs a political voice in international affairs, and we disentangle what is specific to the financial sector from what is shared with other policy areas in which an external voice is needed, such as trade and common security policy. Second, we focus on the historical and political context in which the EU member states are operating when deciding on institutional design. We analyze the incomplete foundation provided by the Maastricht Treaty and the tentative efforts by the members of the Euro zone to devise institutions for presenting a united front to the rest of the world. Third, we explore which of the various options for designing a single voice for the single currency is most likely to promote the most politically acceptable balance between national sovereignty and international power. In conclusion, we suggest some implications of creating the Euro's external voice for the relative power of Europe vis-à-vis the United States, for the scheduled enlargement of the EU to the east, and for the current debate about the democratic accountability of supranational institutions.
2001
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2142/1/002192_1.PDF
McNamara, Kathleen R. and Meunier, Sophie. (2001) "Between national sovereignty and international power: What external voice for the Euro?". In: UNSPECIFIED, Madison, Wisconsin. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2142/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2156
2011-02-15T22:21:28Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Reforming the modes of U.S.-EU cooperation: An assessment and evaluation of the 1995 NTA"
Philippart, Eric.
EU-US
Recent international developments on specific environmental and defense issues (concerning respectively the Kyoto protocol and the U.S. plan for the development of an anti-missile system) have been perceived by many in Europe as the resurgence of U.S. unilaterlaism. Even if these events do not affect the core of U.S.-EU relations, there is a growing anxiety about possible spill-over or domino effect. There is therefore a critical need for assessing and evaluating the record of the New Transatlantic Agenda, established in 1995 to organize a closer partnership between the U.S. and the EU.
2001
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2156/1/002691_1.pdf
Philippart, Eric. (2001) "Reforming the modes of U.S.-EU cooperation: An assessment and evaluation of the 1995 NTA". In: UNSPECIFIED. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2156/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2158
2011-02-15T22:21:29Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303432
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303138:656C6D6C61626F75726C61626F72
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303436
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Who governs?"
Pollack, Mark A.
Shaffer, Gregory C.
EU-US
public health policy (including global activities)
labour/labor
consumer protection policy
environmental policy (including international arena)
In this chapter, we attempt to provide some answers, on the basis of the empirical evidence presented in the preceding chapters, to the two sets of questions posed in the introduction to this volume. In the first section of this chapter, we attempt to explain the rise of new forms of transatlantic governance during the 1990s, addressing three core questions: What's new about these transatlantic governance mechanisms? Why are they developing now? And why have the various actors in the new governance networks chosen to organize at the transatlantic level, rather than in some other international forums? In the second section, we examine the evidence of transatlantic governance across a wide range of issue areas, ranging from trade and standard setting to food safety, consumer protection, labor, and the environment, and we assess the relative explanatory power of the intergovernmental, transgovernmental, and transnational models of governance laid out in the introduction. In the third section, we conclude that transatlantic governance is increasingly governance by mixed networks of all three types of actors, albeit with a leading role for the Clinton administration and the European commission, which emerge as the primary architects of the New Transatlantic Agenda. Finally, returning to Rhodes's model of governance by mixed networks of public and private actors brought together by resource interdependencies, we examine the relative power of various actors within these transatlantic networks as a function of their respective resource endowments, and we speculate about the development of those networks in the coming years.
2001
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2158/1/002690_1.pdf
Pollack, Mark A. and Shaffer, Gregory C. (2001) "Who governs?". In: UNSPECIFIED, Madison, Wisconsin. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2158/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2182
2011-02-15T22:21:33Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:696E7465726E6174696F6E616C7472616465
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"The law-in-action of international trade litigation in the United States and Europe: The melding of the public and the private"
Shaffer, Gregory.
EU-US
international trade
Part I of this article provides a framework for analyzing the increasing role of public-private networks in the determination of national policy and the provision of traditional "governmental" services. It addresses two central reasons why actors increasingly participate in public-private partnerships: (i) the demand of understaffed public agencies for informational resources; and (ii) the per capita stakes of the actors in outcomes. Part II turns to the role of public-private networks in the U.S. trade policy, examining the mechanisms that private firms employ in the United States to work with the Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) to challenge foreign trade barriers ... Part III examines the relevant mechanisms used in the European Union, in particular exchanges between public and private actors under a formally intergovernmental procedure (known as the article 133 process, in reference to the Treaty provision which govern EU foreign commercial relations) and a private petition procedure (known as the Trade Barrier Regulation). Part IV evaluates the contrasts between U.S. and EC public-private partnerships, the reasons for their greater development and effectiveness in the United States, and the trends in the EC toward U.S.-style practice. Part V addresses the extent to which U.S. and EC private firms and trade representatives coordinate transatlantic efforts to challenge more effectively third country trade barriers, as well as domestic regulations within the United States and EC themselves. Part VI examines the reciprocal relationship between the international trading system and these public-private partnerships, constituting the WTO's law-in-action.
2001
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2182/1/002680_1.pdf
Shaffer, Gregory. (2001) "The law-in-action of international trade litigation in the United States and Europe: The melding of the public and the private". In: UNSPECIFIED, Madison, Wisconsin. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2182/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2192
2011-02-15T22:21:36Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:6C6F626279696E67696E746572657374726570726573656E746174696F6E
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"The American interest group community in the European Union: Development, make-up, and operating techniques"
Thomas, Clive S.
Boyer, Michael L.
lobbying/interest representation
EU-US
Specifically, the paper has three purposes: (1) to trace the development of the U.S. interest group community in the EU and outline its present make-up: (2) to assess reasons for success and failure of American groups lobbying there; and (3) to make preliminary observations about the extent to which lobbying techniques transfer across political systems. More detailed analysis of each of these subjects will come in later papers. Based on the extensive data gathered in the project his paper simply maps the terrain and lays the foundation for later work. For example, although the paper identifies factors appearing to determine the success or failure of American groups, an attempt to assess the success of individual interests and segments of the American lobby will be the subject of a later study. Similarly, at this stage, the concern is not to develop a theoretical explanation of the operation of the American lobby in the EU or offer a theory of transnational lobbying. However, the paper does identify and briefly explain elements that might constitute such theories particularly in regard to transnational lobbying and offers the first comprehensive overview of American groups lobbying in the EU.
2001
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2192/1/002672_1.pdf
Thomas, Clive S. and Boyer, Michael L. (2001) "The American interest group community in the European Union: Development, make-up, and operating techniques". In: UNSPECIFIED, Madison, Wisconsin. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2192/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2199
2011-02-15T22:21:39Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D45:45303035
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303032
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Whither transatlantic cooperation? Where NATO and ESDP collide"
Ulrich, Marybeth Peterson
Cypher-Erickson, Dorothea M.
EU-US
common foreign & security policy 1993--European Global Strategy
NATO
This paper offers a framework for measuring the threat of the emergent European Security and Defense Program (ESDP) to the transatlantic link. There is a range of possible outcomes, outcomes that have varying implications for the U.S. as a global and European power. ESDP will emerge as either a strategic competitor to NATO that negates or significantly diminishes U.S. influence in Europe, or alternatively, ESDP might emerge as a strategic partner to NATO that restores the strategic balance in the Euro-Atlantic partnership with a reinvigorated European pillar. With the concept just a little over a year old, it is still too early to tell exactly how ESDP will mature and what form it will take. As it develops, though, it is useful to have some measures to help evaluate the direction being taken, either continuing toward partnership or diverging toward competition. Three criteria-indivisibility, improvement, and inclusiveness-are useful benchmarks for tracking the future course of Euro-Atlantic relations.
2001
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2199/1/002668_1.PDF
Ulrich, Marybeth Peterson and Cypher-Erickson, Dorothea M. (2001) "Whither transatlantic cooperation? Where NATO and ESDP collide". In: UNSPECIFIED, Madison, Wisconsin. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2199/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2219
2011-02-15T22:21:45Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:706F6C69746963616C6166666169727331323334:70616666676F7665726E616E6365
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:6575726F7065616E69736174696F6E6575726F7065616E697A6174696F6E6E6174696F6E616C6964656E74697479
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Critical Turnings in Federalism"
Backer, Larry Catá.
governance: EU & national level
EU-US
europeanisation/europeanization & European identity
No matter how hard we try to fix authoritatively the meaning of words, no matter how hard we try to make eternal our ordering of the political universe, communities seem to be able to subvert the classification systems that politicians and armies, priests, academics and philosophers, painstakingly construct. So it is with the form of political organization we try to understand as federal; so also is it with the great division between domestic and international law. To engage in an exploration of federalism in the context of great division we have made between the realms of domestic and international law is thus both an act of memory and a look to the future. Today I will speak very briefly about the ongoing conversations about federalism within the United States and the European Union in the context of the distinctions we make between national and international systems of governance.
1999
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2219/1/002228.PDF
Backer, Larry Catá. (1999) "Critical Turnings in Federalism". In: UNSPECIFIED, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2219/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2222
2011-02-15T22:21:46Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:443030316C61776C6567616C61666661697273
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303138:656C6D656D706C6F796D656E74756E656D706C6F796D656E74
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
“Social Dumping Revisited: Some Lessons from Delaware?”
Barnard, Catherine.
EU-US
employment/unemployment
law & legal affairs-general (includes international law)
general
In this article I intend to examine the application of the competing theories of interjurisdictional competition to Delaware corporation law and consider the lessons that they may provide for the adoption of European Community legislation. I intend to take social policy as my case study, although similar arguments may apply in the context of monetary dumping (competitive devaluation), and fiscal dumping (distortionary subsidies to industry) [Padraig Flynn 1997]. Social policy is the area where concerns about race to the bottom have been most clearly articulated and there are inevitable overlaps between employment law and company law-as the worker participation debate in the context of the draft Fifth Company Directive and the European Company Statute makes clear. I intend to argue that despite the perception that a race to the bottom is occurring in the EU, there is little evidence of it in practice, although it does represent a useful bargaining tool for employers and Member States. I will then consider why a theory with such resonance in Delaware might not accurately represent the position in the EU.
1999
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2222/1/002651_1.pdf
Barnard, Catherine. (1999) “Social Dumping Revisited: Some Lessons from Delaware?”. In: UNSPECIFIED, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2222/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2226
2011-02-15T22:21:47Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:443030316C61776C6567616C61666661697273
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:706F6C69746963616C6166666169727331323334:70616666676F7665726E616E6365
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:69646F7067:69646F706768646F63
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Judicial Enforcement of Federalism Principles"
Bermann, George A.
governance: EU & national level
law & legal affairs-general (includes international law)
historical development of EC (pre-1986)
EU-US
In these remarks, I shall deal first, though very briefly, with the elements of the U.S. constitutional text that pertain to the relationship between federal and state exercises of legislative power and to the federal judiciary’s role in enforcing constitutional principles that would preserve that relationship. I then examine more thoroughly and systematically the specific techniques with which the Supreme Court has experimented over these past 25 years in making federalism principles meaningful and their judicial enforcement effective. I do not mean to suggest that the Court was not attentive to questions of federalism during the long period between the country’s founding and the 1970s; that is far from the case. But the federalism jurisprudence of the Supreme Court over the last 25 years has been particularly rich in exploring the various strategies available to courts seeking to enforce principles of federalism, and in demonstrating what it is that makes each and every one of those strategies at least somewhat problematic.
1999
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2226/1/002225_1.PDF
Bermann, George A. (1999) "Judicial Enforcement of Federalism Principles". In: UNSPECIFIED, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2226/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2231
2011-02-15T22:21:48Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303332
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:65636F6E6F6D696366696E616E6369616C61666661697273:65636F6E6F6D696366696E616E6369616C6166666169727362706561
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303032
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
“Commercial Applications of Military R&D: U.S. and EU Programs Compared”
Braddon, Derek.
EU-US
common foreign & security policy 1993--European Global Strategy
rtd (RTD) policy/European Research Area
business/private economic activity
In the peak years of defence spending, towards the end of the Cold War, global military R&D exceeded $120 billion annually with the U.S. at the forefront of the Western nations’ efforts in this field. Indeed, the U.S. contributed some 35% of the global total, creating a situation at the end of the Cold War where, for example, military R&D in the U.S. was approximately five times that devoted to health expenditure and twenty times that targeted on the environment. At the same time, the U.S. devoted 14% of its defense budget to R&D while, in Europe, France committed almost 15%; Sweden just over 12% and the U.K. over 10%. However, such official estimates rarely capture the true scale and scope of military R&D expenditure, even in those nations that chose to release reasonably accurate data. In the U.S., for example, during President Reagan’s terms of office, it has been estimated that over 20% of the aggregate defence R&D budget was categorized as “black” (under which classification no data is revealed publicly) while, for the U.S. airforce R&D budget, the estimate was as much as 40%. Given the complexities and sometimes deliberate obfuscation by governments in defining terms such as “military,” “research,” and “development,” and the variation in such definitions between countries and over time, the reality of this global resource commitment and its distribution remains a matter for conjecture.
1999
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2231/1/002220_1.PDF
Braddon, Derek. (1999) “Commercial Applications of Military R&D: U.S. and EU Programs Compared”. In: UNSPECIFIED, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2231/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2233
2011-02-15T22:21:49Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303033
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:636F6E726573
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:696E7465726E6174696F6E616C7472616465
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303032
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Transatlantic Cooperation and Influence: The Virtues of Crisis and Compromise"
Burwell, Frances G.
EU-US
common foreign & security policy 1993--European Global Strategy
conflict resolution/crisis management
international trade
agriculture policy
An examination of three episodes in which the United States sought European cooperation (on its own terms, admittedly) and was met with strong resistance, demonstrates that the process of overcoming that resistance-and thus having any hope for cooperation on disputed issues-is extremely complex, with many factors contributing to success or failure. Although definitive conclusions should not be drawn from three cases, two key lessons stand out. First, the successful exertion of influence may depend on the willingness and ability of one country to provoke a crisis, but then be able to manage that crisis so that it can be used to force a resolution. Second, even the country that seeks to “win” must be willing to compromise; in the game of international influence, nobody gets everything they want.
1999
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2233/1/003779.1.pdf
Burwell, Frances G. (1999) "Transatlantic Cooperation and Influence: The Virtues of Crisis and Compromise". In: UNSPECIFIED, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2233/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2234
2011-02-15T22:21:49Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:44303035303130
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:65636F6E6F6D696366696E616E6369616C61666661697273:65636F6E6F6D696366696E616E6369616C6166666169727362706561
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303032
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
“Sovereignty in Transition: The European Commission’s Influence on U.S. Policy”
Callum, Robert
Guay, Terrence.
EU-US
common foreign & security policy 1993--European Global Strategy
European Commission
business/private economic activity
Scholars have long questioned the international political stature of the European Union (EU), portraying the organization as an economic giant but a political pygmy. Three recent case studies provide evidence to the contrary, showing that the European Commission can transform the EU’s economic capabilities into the political capital necessary to influence policy in the United States. The cases (and policy areas) are: Boeing-McDonnell Douglas merger (aerospace/defense policy); Helms-Burton Act (foreign policy); and the EU Directive on Data Protection (privacy/Internet policy). After describing the EU’s influence in these cases, the paper suggests three explanations for the assertiveness of the European Commission.
1999
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2234/1/002649_1.pdf
Callum, Robert and Guay, Terrence. (1999) “Sovereignty in Transition: The European Commission’s Influence on U.S. Policy”. In: UNSPECIFIED, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2234/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2298
2011-02-15T22:22:08Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303230
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
“Information and Environmental Policy: A Tale of Two Agencies”
Hoornbeek, John.
EU-US
environmental policy (including international arena)
In recent years, scholars and practitioners have focused increasing attention on the role of information in achieving environmental policy goals. This paper develops a framework for understanding how information is used in making environmental policy, and compares the kinds of information development and communication efforts undertaken by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the European Environment Agency (EEA). The analysis suggests that institutional factors such as organizational structure and the mix of policy instruments used by the agency affect the kinds of information efforts undertaken. It also suggests possible areas of focus for environmental information efforts within the EPA and the EEA. These suggestions and the framework provided may also be of use to other environmental agencies.
1999
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2298/1/002612_1.PDF
Hoornbeek, John. (1999) “Information and Environmental Policy: A Tale of Two Agencies”. In: UNSPECIFIED, Pittsburgh, PA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2298/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2309
2011-02-15T22:22:12Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:696E7465726E6174696F6E616C7472616465
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
“The Paradox of Transatlantic Trade Cooperation: The New Transatlantic Marketplace and the Road Towards the Transatlantic Economic Partnership”
Kerremans, Bart.
EU-US
international trade
If there is one issue on which there exists consensus between the two sides of the North Atlantic it is that the European Union and the United States are linked to each other by extensive trade and investment relations and by common security interests. Indeed, each and any of the numerous statements on Transatlantic relations issued since the fall of the Berlin Wall has emphasized this. And there are many reasons to agree with this. First, there is NATO that binds the security policies of the U.S. and Canada together with those of an increasing number of European countries. Second, there is the impressive record on trade. As has been stated recently by the Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR, 1998a), the EU, and U.S. trade for about $300 billion in goods annually (in 1996, ECU 277 billion) which accounts for about 20% of world trade in goods. About 20% of this trade was trade in high technological manufactures, an indication that a large part of the Transatlantic trade is intra-industry trade. European products compete with similar U.S. products on the Transatlantic market (Commission, 1998a). Furthermore agricultural trade alone accounted for $15 billion in 1997.
1999
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2309/1/002606_1.pdf
Kerremans, Bart. (1999) “The Paradox of Transatlantic Trade Cooperation: The New Transatlantic Marketplace and the Road Towards the Transatlantic Economic Partnership”. In: UNSPECIFIED, Pittsburgh, PA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2309/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2310
2011-02-15T22:22:12Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D46:466A6170616E
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303136
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:696E7465726E6174696F6E616C7472616465
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303032
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
“Security, Trade and Regionalism: Implications for EU-U.S.-Asia Relations”
Kirchner, Emil
Sperling, James.
EU-US
common foreign & security policy 1993--European Global Strategy
regionalism, international
Japan
international trade
EU-Asia-general
Will the US continue to act as the major international policeman and will the EU, or for that matter Japan, take a growing stake in how other countries govern or misgovern themselves? What reliance can or should be placed on international organizations to deal with international conflicts? The answers to these questions are heavily dependent upon the interpretation given to the changes that have occurred in the international system, the emergent balances of power (global and regional), the mix of dependence and independence shaping relations between the United States, the EU and Japan, the emerging structure of trade in the international system, and the barriers to the emergence of a common identity and a convergence of interests within the northern tier of industrialized states.
1999
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2310/1/002332_1.PDF
Kirchner, Emil and Sperling, James. (1999) “Security, Trade and Regionalism: Implications for EU-U.S.-Asia Relations”. In: UNSPECIFIED, Pittsburgh, PA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2310/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2318
2011-02-15T22:22:14Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:69646F7067:69646F706768646F63
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:696E7465726E6174696F6E616C7472616465
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303431
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303234
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
“Strategic Trade in Large Commercial Aircraft: Europe versus America”
Lawrence, Philip.
EU-US
industrial policy
transport policy
international trade
historical development of EC (pre-1986)
This paper addresses key aspects of the de facto industrial policy of the USA towards its aerospace sector and its implications for the trade in commercial class aircraft. I argue that US trade in aerospace products is the sine-qua-non of strategic trade and that the success of this sector results from a powerful and effective industrial policy which subsidizes commercial aerospace manufacturing. In consequence I suggest that the numerous US complaints in the 1980s and 1990s about subsidy and the role of the state in the European commercial aircraft industry are based on a misunderstanding of the real character of the American aerospace industry and arguably the aerospace industry per se.
1999
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2318/1/002329_1.pdf
Lawrence, Philip. (1999) “Strategic Trade in Large Commercial Aircraft: Europe versus America”. In: UNSPECIFIED, Pittsburgh, PA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2318/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2351
2011-02-15T22:22:23Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D45:45303037
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:696E7465726E6174696F6E616C7472616465
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
“The Changing Nature of EU-U.S. Economic Relations”
O’ Cleireacain, Séamus.
EU-US
GATT/WTO
international trade
This paper examines how evolving transatlantic economic interactions are shaping the global trade regime since the conclusion of the Uruguay Round and the creation of the WTO. The size of the relationship, between the two largest economic powers in the global system, ensures that the manner in which the transatlantic relationship is conducted will impact not only upon the operations of the present multilateral institutions but the manner in which they will evolve in the future. While institutions shape behaviour, behaviour also shapes institutions. The paper concentrates on this interplay in the case of transatlantic trade issues and the WTO. As it indicates, the transatlantic relationship, with its trade disputes, is “pushing the envelope” in influencing how multilateral organisations such as the WTO determines the global trade rules by which all nations play.
1999
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2351/1/002510_1.pdf
O’ Cleireacain, Séamus. (1999) “The Changing Nature of EU-U.S. Economic Relations”. In: UNSPECIFIED, Pittsburgh, PA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2351/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2362
2011-02-15T22:22:25Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:69646F7067:69646F7067646D706D
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031727270
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:69646F7067:69646F706768646F63
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"A Comparison of Biotechnology Regulatory Policy in the United States and the European Union"
Patterson, Lee Ann.
EU-US
regulations/regulatory policies
historical development of EC (pre-1986)
decision making/policy-making
Polities are increasingly faced with competition in the regulatory arena as well as the market place. Several authors have argued that regulatory competition leads to regulatory harmonization or convergence. However, significant differences in biotechnology regulations in the United States and the European Union remain. These differences have resulted in profoundly different technology trajectories. This paper compares the historical development of guidelines and regulations in the US and the EU. Specific attention is paid to 1) differing philosophies of regulation, 2) the affect of varying societal views of the technology on the regulatory structure, 3) the degree of inter-agency or inter-Directorate-General coordination in the policy making process, and 4) the ability of both regulatory systems to adapt to new scientific information. Finally, the impact of these different regulatory structures on the technology trajectory of bio-industries in the US and the EU is examined.
1999
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2362/1/002581_1.pdf
Patterson, Lee Ann. (1999) "A Comparison of Biotechnology Regulatory Policy in the United States and the European Union". In: UNSPECIFIED, Pittsburgh, PA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2362/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2367
2011-02-15T22:22:27Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303033
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:696E7465726E6174696F6E616C7472616465
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303436
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"The California Effect in the EC’s External Relations: A Comparison of the Leghold Trap and Beef-Hormone Issues Between the EC and the U.S. and Canada"
Princen, Sebastiaan.
EU-US
public health policy (including global activities)
international trade
agriculture policy
The central question of this paper is: What factors contribute to the success and failure of the European Community in imposing its standards upon the United States and Canada through international trade measures? I will answer this question by studying two cases: one in which the EC succeeded (to some extent) in imposing stricter standards upon the US and Canada, and one in which the EC attempted but failed to influence American and Canadian standards. As a “successful” case I have studied the EC ban on the use of leghold traps in trapping fur-bearing animals; the “unsuccessful” case is the EC ban on the use of growth promoting hormones in meat production.
1999
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2367/1/003780.1.pdf
Princen, Sebastiaan. (1999) "The California Effect in the EC’s External Relations: A Comparison of the Leghold Trap and Beef-Hormone Issues Between the EC and the U.S. and Canada". In: UNSPECIFIED, Pittsburgh, PA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2367/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2377
2011-02-15T22:22:30Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303232
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
“Mexico/EU Relationship: Bridge or Exception in North America?”
Sberro, Stephen.
EU-US
EU-Latin America
Transatlantic relations, so-called, could be divided in two main areas: international politics and defence on one side, economy and trade on the other side. In the case of Mexico there is no such division. The relations between Europe and Mexico always were essentially economic and at least since the French intervention in the past century there was no rhetoric such as a common vision of the world or shared ideals that are worth to fight for together. During the Cold War Mexico and Europe were not on opposite sides but were clearly different. To Mexico then, the North/South political and economic divide was at least as important as the East/West divide. For that reason this paper will focus exclusively on the trade and economic aspect of the relation, the only one for which the comparison between Mexico and the United States, in their relation with Europe, is possible.
1999
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2377/1/002913_1.PDF
Sberro, Stephen. (1999) “Mexico/EU Relationship: Bridge or Exception in North America?”. In: UNSPECIFIED, Pittsburgh, PA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2377/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2384
2011-02-15T22:22:32Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:65636F6E6F6D696366696E616E6369616C61666661697273:65636F6E6F6D696366696E616E6369616C6166666169727362706561
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:696E7465726E6174696F6E616C7472616465
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
“Public-Private Partnerships: Mechanisms for the Negotiation of International Trade Claims by Public Authorities on Behalf of Private Enterprises in the United States and the European Union”
Shaffer, Gregory.
EU-US
international trade
business/private economic activity
Part I examines mechanisms used in the United States for private firms to work with the Office of the United States Trade Representative (USTR) to challenge foreign trade barriers. It addresses, in particular, how the USTR and private firms use the “Section 301” and “Special 301” processes-pursuant to which USTR identifies, investigates and takes action against foreign trade barriers-to ratchet up pressure on foreign countries in order to expand access to their markets. Part II examines the relevant mechanisms used in the European Union, in particular the intergovernmental article 113 process (pursuant to which the EU Member States form a “common commercial policy”) and the EU’s trade barrier regulation (the EU’s analogue-and response-to the United States’ Section 301 procedure). Part III assesses the extent to which U.S. and EU private firms and trade representatives coordinate their efforts to challenge foreign trade barriers, and the factors that constrain their cooperation.
1999
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2384/1/002529_1.pdf
Shaffer, Gregory. (1999) “Public-Private Partnerships: Mechanisms for the Negotiation of International Trade Claims by Public Authorities on Behalf of Private Enterprises in the United States and the European Union”. In: UNSPECIFIED, Pittsburgh, PA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2384/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2390
2011-02-15T22:22:33Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:65636F6E6F6D696366696E616E6369616C61666661697273:65636F6E6F6D696366696E616E6369616C6166666169727362706561
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
“Public Goals and Private Strategies in the Transatlantic Economic Partnership”
Smith, Michael
Cowles, Maria Green.
EU-US
business/private economic activity
The aim of this paper is to identify the growing intersection of public goals and private strategies in transatlantic economic relations in the 1990s. In particular, the paper seeks to establish some of the key dimensions in the interaction between public goals as enunciated by authorities in the EU and the US and private strategies as pursued by business groups-arguably the most engaged socio-economic actor in the transatlantic relationship. The paper identifies the roots of this novel public/private interaction, the factors that led to its development, the various public/private strands that were woven together in the 1990s, as well as the significance of this public/private interaction for the transatlantic partnership. It builds on research carried out by both of the authors individually, on the one hand through analysis of public strategies in the EU-US relationship (Smith) and on the other hand through studies of the Transatlantic Business Dialogue (Cowles). The end product is, we hope, not simply a “shotgun wedding” of the two approaches, but rather a dialogue between them in the course of which we can begin to discern the outlines of a more encompassing conceptual framework.
1999
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2390/1/002909_1.PDF
Smith, Michael and Cowles, Maria Green. (1999) “Public Goals and Private Strategies in the Transatlantic Economic Partnership”. In: UNSPECIFIED, Pittsburgh, PA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2390/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2408
2011-02-15T22:22:38Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D46:46303037
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D41:41303239
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:69646F7067:69646F706767656E6572616C
7375626A656374733D46:46303236
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303138:656C6D6C61626F75726C61626F72
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
“Revitalizing Labor in the U.S., Britain and Germany: Social Movements and Institutional Change”
Turner, Lowell.
Germany
EU-US
U.K.
general
integration theory (see also researching and writing the EU in this section)
labour/labor
Institutions shape behavior. This is the core argument of the theorists of modern institutionalism, an argument that has proven clear, parsimonious, and widely applicable for many different institutions and behaviors in a variety of circumstances and settings (e.g., Hall 1986; March and Olsen 1989; Steinmo et al. 1992). Still, for an understanding of historical and contemporary change, this powerful argument is not enough, as most institutionalists readily admit (Thelen and Steinmo 1991). The institutional argument in fact tells us nothing of how institutions come to be and how they change--with obvious consequences for the behavior they are shaping. New propositions are therefore needed, and in this paper we examine the following: social movements shape institutions.
1999
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2408/1/002898_1.PDF
Turner, Lowell. (1999) “Revitalizing Labor in the U.S., Britain and Germany: Social Movements and Institutional Change”. In: UNSPECIFIED, Pittsburgh, PA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2408/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2411
2011-02-15T22:22:39Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303032
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
“Preparing the Institutions for a Common European Foreign and Security Policy”
Van Oudenaren, John.
EU-US
common foreign & security policy 1993--European Global Strategy
This paper examines the prospects for a new European security identity and capability, focusing on institutional questions. It begins with a review of the background to CFSP, the progress made in the treaty of Amsterdam, and post-Amsterdam developments with important implications for CFSP. It then examines the unresolved political and practical issues that need to be addressed for Europe to move beyond the Amsterdam result. It concludes with a brief discussion of U.S. attitudes toward the renewed push for a European Defense and Security Identity (EDSI) and the implications this may have for U.S. interests.
1999
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2411/1/002896_1.PDF
Van Oudenaren, John. (1999) “Preparing the Institutions for a Common European Foreign and Security Policy”. In: UNSPECIFIED, Pittsburgh, PA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2411/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2551
2011-02-15T22:22:55Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D46:46303036
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303339:74706A6861706A63636D696D6D6967726174696F6E706F6C696379
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"'Migrants as a threat': A comparative analysis of securitarian rhetoric in the European Union (France) and the United States (California)"
Ceyhan, Ayse.
France
immigration policy
EU-US
Since the early 1990s there has been a striking rhetorical similarity vis-à-vis immigration between the EU countries--especially France--and the U.S. It can be stressed in a comparative analysis of Pasqua and Debré Laws with California Proposition 187 and the new immigration law adopted in 1996. Analysis of these texts and the discourses produced by the security agencies and politicians reveal that immigration is more likely to be constructed related to border crossing, illegal immigration, crime, drug trafficking, terrorism, incivilities, urban violence and ethnicity are linked to each other. According to this construction, immigration threatens not only the state security but also the societal (identitarian) security. Among the rhetorical arguments there is a growing focus on cultural and identitarian ones. Nevertheless, the referent objects of the discourses are both state security and societal security. These two are more likely to be interpenetrated than separated. Furthermore, the new form of control implied by the new legislation adopted in both countries confirms this link: a bifocal control focused at the same time on the border and on the interior (especially via welfare controls).
1997
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2551/1/002850_1.PDF
Ceyhan, Ayse. (1997) "'Migrants as a threat': A comparative analysis of securitarian rhetoric in the European Union (France) and the United States (California)". In: UNSPECIFIED, Seattle, WA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2551/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2569
2011-02-15T22:23:01Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303032
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"CFSP and ESDI: US-EU aspects - the necessary fiction"
Duke, Simon.
EU-US
common foreign & security policy 1993--European Global Strategy
The idea of a necessary fiction is explored below in a number of interrelated segments. The first section considers the nature of America's self-appointed 'global leadership' role in the post-cold war system, concentrating on the declinist versus global dominance arguments. The second section attempts to consider the Euro-defense debate in the context of overall transatlantic relations. The third section considers the question of whether the U.S. is reorienting its interests away from Europe towards the Pacific Rim. This section concludes by arguing that although Asia presents attractive markets for the U.S., strong economic and cultural links to Europe remain that on balance ensure a central position for Europe and U.S. foreign affairs. The next section considers the issue of whether fractious trade relations between the U.S. and the EU pose a challenge to the formation or enhancement of security ties between the two. It is suggested that the New Transatlantic Agenda may provide a useful vehicle for adjunct to the security dialogue by addressing trade and non-security related concerns. The fifth section examines the background and content of the two grand compromises (NATO's 1990 London Declaration and the January 1994 Brussels summit) that have shaped post-cold war European security. The most significant practical outcome of these compromises is the CJTF concept which, it is argued, has effectively consolidated U.S. leadership in both the NATO context but also, in a de facto manner in the exercise of 'Euro' options. As an interesting, but illustrative aside, the supply and dissemination of intelligence is considered as a significant example of this consolidation. The conclusion argues that the necessary fiction has established a workable modus vivendi where the main interests of the main actors are served and which may also constitute a stable platform for the development of other aspects of transatlantic relations.
1997
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2569/1/002504_1.pdf
Duke, Simon. (1997) "CFSP and ESDI: US-EU aspects - the necessary fiction". In: UNSPECIFIED, Seattle, WA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2569/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2589
2011-02-15T22:23:07Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303232
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Private party direct access: A comparison of the NAFTA and the EU disciplines"
Gal-or, Noemi.
EU-US
regionalism, international
EU-Latin America
This paper will study the subject of locus standi of non-state actors within the dispute resolution regimes established by the EU and NAFTA. While NAFTA addresses the issue on a sectoral basis, the EU deals with it as an institutional and constitutional matter. The purpose of the paper is to juxtapose the different approaches and their solutions to the issue of the protection of the rights of private parties as devised in the two regional arrangements. The first part will discuss the nature of the two agreements and will focus on NAFTA as a regional agreement without institutions in comparison to the EU which represents an enterprise in regional integration equipped with powerful and authoritative institutions. The setting explained, I will elaborate on the concept of private party and follow with a general review of the choice of remedy (or the selection of dispute resolution mechanisms). Then, the distinction between direct versus non-direct access will be explored, for the main challenge to the private party's right to remedy arising from the inter- and supranational arrangements lies in this particular detail. Next, I will analyze the private party direct access to dispute resolution in NAFTA. Most relevant to this paper is the NAFTA Chapter 11 Section B dealing with dispute resolution regarding investments and the investor's right direct access. Dispute resolution and private party direct access in the EU will involve a discussion of the Community court system and of ART. 173 (4) of the EC treaty in particular. The paper will conclude with observations on the difference between NAFTA and the EU concerning approaches to private party direct access.
1997
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2589/1/002571_1.pdf
Gal-or, Noemi. (1997) "Private party direct access: A comparison of the NAFTA and the EU disciplines". In: UNSPECIFIED, Seattle, WA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2589/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2613
2011-02-15T22:23:13Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Atlantic diplomacy transformed: From the 'Transatlantic Declaration' (1990) to the 'New Transatlantic Agenda' (1995)"
Henrikson, Alan.
EU-US
From the 1990 Transatlantic Declaration (TAD) to the 1995 New Transatlantic Agenda and Joint Action Plan (NTA/JAP), this paper argues that nothing short of a revolution occurred in the nature of the dialogue between the United States and the European Community. The change was from a high-ideological political manifesto to a common program for practical action, embodied in the JAP's 150 action items--from a summons to transatlantic solidarity in the aftermath of the Cold War to what former U.S. Secretary of State James A. Baker has described, with mixed admiration and disapproval, as a "laundry list." Three main explanations for this major transformation of the Atlantic dialogue are offered. The first is "the failure of grand designs"--the inability of American and European statesmen to find a replacement project for the formerly supreme task of winning the Cold War. The second is the increased prominence of the business community, notably the members of the new Transatlantic Business Dialogue, in determining even U.S. and European officials' work agenda. The third is the rapid, vast spread of information technology, notably use of the Internet, which has so broadened the transatlantic dialogue today as to risk taking it largely out of the hands of diplomats. The NTA/JAP, in short, is a powerful engine of diplomatic change. In promoting it, U.S. and European Union government officials may have helped to promote themselves out of a job. The NTA/JAP can now grow almost organically, from the bottom up. If it does continue to proliferate and flourish, the political leaders of the Atlantic world may find that they have expressed themselves in a way that defines the limits of their own leadership, and opens space for a new idea of Atlantic citizenship.
1997
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2613/1/002814_1.PDF
Henrikson, Alan. (1997) "Atlantic diplomacy transformed: From the 'Transatlantic Declaration' (1990) to the 'New Transatlantic Agenda' (1995)". In: UNSPECIFIED, Seattle, WA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2613/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2615
2011-02-15T22:23:13Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:69646F7067:69646F7067646D706D
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:4430303170707061
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:69646F7067:69646F706768646F63
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:44303035303132
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303436
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"The changing role of science in regulatory decision-making in the European Union"
Heyvaert, Veerle.
EU-US
public health policy (including global activities)
public policy/public administration
historical development of EC (pre-1986)
environmental policy (including international arena)
decision making/policy-making
European Court of Justice/Court of First Instance
Expert advice to policy-makers is everything but a new phenomenon. Throughout the ages, governments of every type and denomination have consulted people and organisations which were considered the producers, preservers and guardians of specific kinds of knowledge, whether engineers, astrologists, military strategists or economists. What is particular about the second half of this century is therefore not so much the existence of expert policy advisors as such, but the growing importance of one specific community as a source of knowledge and expert information in policy-making processes: the scientific community (Brooks et al., 1987). These introductory remarks refer to a development that is thoroughly studied and documented in contemporary scholarship. It is almost equally well-established that not every country receives, processes and uses expert policy advice in the same manner. In other words, policy studies differ according—to name but a few influences—to historical developments, institutional arrangements, and the different substantive urgencies which policy-makers are confronted with. This paper started as a reaction to one of the works which discuss the difference in use and integration of scientific expertise into policy decision-making between European countries and the United States, more in particular in the area of environmental and health and safety policy. It asks whether the emergence and maturing of a new level of policy-making in Europe, the European Union level, affects the way in which scientific expertise is used for the development of public policy and, if so, whether these changes could be expected to render this new policy-style more or less similar to the US model of integrating expertise into decision-making. In this analysis, particular attention is paid to the role of the European Court of Justice in re-shaping European styles of health and environmental science-policy decision-making, both at the EU and at the Member State level. If, as the paper argues, an approximation of styles is indeed to be expected, it becomes important for the European Union to look with renewed interest at the current problems faced in the United States relating to the acceptance of science as prevalent input into public policy, to anticipate an emergence of similar issues in Europe and to consider possible solutions.
1997
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2615/1/002812_1.PDF
Heyvaert, Veerle. (1997) "The changing role of science in regulatory decision-making in the European Union". In: UNSPECIFIED, Seattle, WA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2615/metadataPrefix%3Doai_dc%26offset%3D2616%26set%3D7375626A656374733D44%253A44303032%253A44303032303039