2024-03-28T17:00:55Zhttp://aei.pitt.edu/cgi/oai2
oai:aei.pitt.edu:27
2011-02-15T22:14:41Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
7375626A656374733D46:46303130
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:69646F7067:69646F706768646F63
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303234
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
Ireland's Economic Transformation: Industrial Policy, European Integration and Social Partnership. Working Paper #2, December 1998
Ireland
industrial policy
historical development of EC (pre-1986)
general
Ireland has been one of the fastest growing economies in the European Union or the OECD in the 1990s. This paper reviews the policy approach which underpins the country's economic transformation, tracing the role of industrial policy, European integration, macroeconomic stabilization and social partnership. Despite the initial success of the outward-looking strategy, a combination of domestic factors and European integration produced a deep economic, social and political crisis in the 1980s. From within this drastic experience, there emerged a new perspective - on the Irish economy and the policy approaches available to a small European member state - shared by the major economic, political and social actors during the past decade. The paper outlines the analytical foundations of the partnership approach and the critique by neo-liberal and orthodox economists. Irish social partnership offers and analytical challenge, since the country does not display the structural or organizational characteristics normally associated with neo-corporatism. By contrast, the self-understanding of Irish social partnership emphasizes deliberation and problem-solving. The Irish story reflects a complex interaction of domestic and international factors. European integration has transformed Ireland's relation to its international environment, and social partnership has transformed its internal ability to mediate interests and adhere to coherent strategies.
1998-12
Working Paper
PeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/27/1/Odonnell.pdf
UNSPECIFIED (1998) Ireland's Economic Transformation: Industrial Policy, European Integration and Social Partnership. Working Paper #2, December 1998. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/27/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:62
2011-02-15T22:14:45Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303438
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303434
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:69646F7067:69646F7067646D706D
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:643030314C6973626F6E6167656E6461
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:44303035303131
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303138:656C6D656D706C6F796D656E74756E656D706C6F796D656E74
74797065733D72657669657765737361797375626A656374
The Lisbon European Council and the Future of European Economic Governance
Rhodes, Martin
Goetschy, Janine
Mosher, Jim
employment/unemployment
general
information technology policy
Lisbon StrategyAgenda/Partnership for Growth and Employment
information society
European Council
decision making/policy-making
[Introduction by Mark A. Pollack, series editor]. THE PORTUGUESE PRESIDENCY, WHICH organized the work of the Council during the first six months of the year, was tasked with the heavy responsibility of organizing the opening months of the 2000 IGC (see Dinan and Vanhoonacker, this issue), yet the Portuguese also embarked on a major campaign to sponsor an academic and political debate on economic reform, and on the future of European economic governance. Throughout their presidency, the Portuguese sought to stimulate a debate on both the substance and process of European economic policymaking, proposing a "new strategic goal for the Union in order to strengthen employment, economic reform and social cohesion as part of a knowledge-based economy." Toward this end, the presidency commissioned a series of papers from both distinguished academics and EU institutions on subjects ranging from employment policy to the reform of the welfare state, modernization of public services, social inclusion, and the information society and e-commerce (for an on-line listing and texts of these reports, see Portuguese Presidency 2000). In March, the presidency organized a special European Council, which largely endorsed the Portuguese program of economic reform, with particularly detailed statements on the information society and the promotion of e-commerce. As important as the substance of the proposed reforms, however, is the process proposed by the Portuguese presidency, and endorsed by the Lisbon European Council, dubbed "open coordination." As Jim Mosher explains below, open coordination involves the establishment of common social policy guidelines, indicators and "benchmarks," which are intended to guide national policies through a process of policy coordination and peer evaluation. Although the practice of open coordination is not itself new, having been pioneered in recent years in a trio of joint policy processes (namely the Luxembourg Process on employment, the Cardiff process on structural reforms, and the Cologne process on macroeconomic policy coordination), the explicit endorsement of open coordination in Lisbon raises a number of important questions about the future of European economic governance, which are addressed by three ECSA members in this Forum. In the first essay, Martin Rhodes analyzes the outcome of the Lisbon European Council as a pragmatic effort by the EU to find a "Third Way" between the traditionally conflicting imperatives of economic efficiency and equality, and between the extremes of European harmonization and national autonomy. In the process, he suggests, the presidency has created a "new European architecture for social policy" which will rationalize existing processes under the umbrella of a broader economic strategy and an annual Spring meeting of the European Council. In the second essay, Janine Goetschy looks back at the record of open coordination in the most developed of the three current processes, the European Employment Strategy, noting both the strengths and the weaknesses of the process during its formative years. In the third and final essay, Jim Mosher places the emerging process of open coordination in the context of a broader move to "post-regulatory governance," which promises both functional and political advantages to member governments eager to cooperate in a flexible fashion, but also the familiar dangers of "voluntarism" and weak or uneven national implementation of common EU goals. Despite differences in emphasis and in levels of optimism about the future, all three essays echo Rhodes' conclusion that the Lisbon European Council is likely to emerge as a watershed in EU social policy, in terms of both the articulation of a new set of common policy goals for the member states, and the endorsement of new policy processes which may-or may not-serve to facilitate the achievement of those goals in the coming years.
European Community Studies Association
Staats, Valerie
2000
Review Essay
PeerReviewed
text/html
http://aei.pitt.edu/62/1/lisbonforum.html
Rhodes, Martin and Goetschy, Janine and Mosher, Jim (2000) The Lisbon European Council and the Future of European Economic Governance. [Review Essay]
http://aei.pitt.edu/62/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:113
2011-02-15T22:14:48Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E646572706F6C696379
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:73706469736372696D696E6174696F6E6D696E6F726974696573
74797065733D72657669657765737361797375626A656374
Progressive Europe? Gender and Non-discrimination in the EU
Mazey, Sonia
Shaw, Jo
Elman, R. Amy
Bell, Mark
discrimination/minorities
gender policy/equal opportunity
[Introduction by series editor]. THE ISSUE OF EQUAL RIGHTS between women and men—at least in the workplace—has long been one of the most prominent examples of "positive integration" in the European Union, and arguably the most far-reaching element of EU social policy. In recent years, the EU’s traditional emphasis on sex equality in the workplace has been supplemented by a commitment to the "mainstreaming" of gender issues, the upgrading of sexual equality as a common objective in the Treaties, and the insertion of a new Treaty provision relating to the principle of nondiscrimination more generally. These and other developments have led some authors to present the EU as a "progressive polity" in its commitment to gender equality and non-discrimination. In this Forum, four authors assess this claim of a "progressive Europe," focusing on the evolution of EU gender policy (Sonia Mazey, Jo Shaw, R. Amy Elman) and the development of a broader policy regarding non-discrimination on the basis of factors such as race, age, and sexual orientation (Mark Bell). Taken together, the essays reveal the impressive legal and constitutional foundations of EU gender and non-discrimination policies, as well as the significant weaknesses of EU policy practice, the problematic relationship between gender and other grounds for discrimination such as race and age, and the difficulty of measuring what constitutes "progress" in the first place.
European Union Studies Association
Staats, Valerie
2002
Review Essay
PeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/113/1/GenderForum.pdf
Mazey, Sonia and Shaw, Jo and Elman, R. Amy and Bell, Mark (2002) Progressive Europe? Gender and Non-discrimination in the EU. [Review Essay]
http://aei.pitt.edu/113/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:210
2019-12-13T18:06:46Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D46:46303236
7375626A656374733D46:46303037
7375626A656374733D44:44303033:44303033303032
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303437
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:73706469736372696D696E6174696F6E6D696E6F726974696573
74797065733D64697363757373696F6E7061706572
Multiculturalism and Ethnic Minorities in Europe. ZEI Discussion Papers: 2001, C87
Lever, Paul
Scotland, Baroness
Kühnhardt, Ludger
Sonntag-Wolgast, Cornelie
Oberndörfer, Dieter
Phillips, Trevor
John, Barbara
Voß, Josef
Öger, Vural
Singh, Gurbux
Csáky, Pál
Meehan, Elizabeth
Fleissner, Peter
discrimination/minorities
enlargement
Germany
U.K.
culture policy
[Foreword]. In the past year immigration and asylum, multiculturalism and race relations have been high up the political agenda in Germany and the UK. Both countries are home to a diverse range of ethnic communities, religions, cultures and languages. These communities enrich our societies and are a source of strength and innovation. But multiculturalism also presents challenges. How do we give people the rights and status they require to integrate into society, while maintaining social cohesion? How can we ensure our institutions do not discriminate against minority ethnic groups? How should our societies combat the fears and anxieties amongst our indigenous populations about levels of immigration? What does it mean to be British or German? The UK and Germany have traditionally taken different approaches to meeting these challenges. But it is important for us to co-operate increasingly closely, both bilaterally and within the EU. These issues have become all the more pertinent, in the light both of EU enlargement, which will extend freedom of movement to hundreds of thousands more people; and of demographic change throughout the EU, which is leading to increasing willingness on the part of governments to open up their labour markets to immigrants. The British Embassy Berlin and the Center for European Integration, Bonn (ZEI) addressed these questions at a seminar held in Berlin on 1 December 2000. We focused particularly on what governments can and should do to combat racism and promote integration; on the lessons the UK and Germany can learn from one another; and on the role of the European Union and the impact of increasing numbers of ethnic minorities and foreigners in the EU on European identity. The contributions to this seminar are reproduced here, with the aim of contributing to a deeper debate, of vital importance to Europe's future. Table of Contents: Opening Remarks, by Paul Lever; Introduction, by Ludger Kühnhardt; Creating a Multicultural Europe: the British approach, by Baroness Scotland; Integrating Foreigners: a German view, by Cornelie Sonntag-Wolgast; Multiculturalism – Enrichment of Society or Cause for Conflict?, by Dieter Oberndörfer, Trevor Phillips, and Barbara John; Combating Racism and Promoting Integration – The Role of Government, by Josef Voß, Vural Öger, and Gurbux Singh; Ethnic Minorities in the Light of European Integration, by Pál Csáky, Elizabeth Meehan, and Peter Fleissner.
Center for European Integration Studies, University of Bonn
Ronge, Frank
Simon, Susannah
2001
Discussion Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/210/1/dp_c87_ronge.pdf
Lever, Paul and Scotland, Baroness and Kühnhardt, Ludger and Sonntag-Wolgast, Cornelie and Oberndörfer, Dieter and Phillips, Trevor and John, Barbara and Voß, Josef and Öger, Vural and Singh, Gurbux and Csáky, Pál and Meehan, Elizabeth and Fleissner, Peter (2001) Multiculturalism and Ethnic Minorities in Europe. ZEI Discussion Papers: 2001, C87. [Discussion Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/210/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:242
2011-02-15T22:15:03Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:706F6C69746963616C6166666169727331323334:7061666664656D6F637261637964656D6F63726174696364656669636974
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737077656C666172657374617465
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:6575726F7065616E69736174696F6E6575726F7065616E697A6174696F6E6E6174696F6E616C6964656E74697479
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
The Democratic Welfare State: A European Regime Under the Strain of European Integration. IHS Political Science Series: 2000, No. 68
Offe, Claus
europeanisation/europeanization & European identity
welfare state
democracy/democratic deficit
States are organizations of governance that apply to the people living in a defined territory. But in order to sustain such governance, the people must not just individually obey the law, but also colletively conceive of themselves as "We, the People..", with whom the law originates. For only if I, the individual citizen, have reasons to trust that, they, my fellow citizens, are actually willing to also obey the law, I’ll do so myself. This indispensible sense of belonging to a civic community can be based upon a variety of factors: ethno-cultural, linguistic, civic republican (as in "constitutional patriotism") or social justice. Applying this notion of an indispensible civic infrastructure to the case of European integration, the author discusses a number of potential sources from which the view might be derived that what happens in Europe is a matter of "us, the Europeans". In the absence of a democratic regime in Europe, as well as a European welfare state (to say nothing about a strictly "European culture"), it is not easy to find out possible foundations of European "identity".
2000-03
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/242/1/pw_68.pdf
Offe, Claus (2000) The Democratic Welfare State: A European Regime Under the Strain of European Integration. IHS Political Science Series: 2000, No. 68. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/242/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:404
2011-02-15T22:15:32Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D46:46303332
7375626A656374733D44:44303033:44303033303032
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:73706469736372696D696E6174696F6E6D696E6F726974696573
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:44303035303135
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
The Approach of the European Parliament to the Issue of Ethnic Minorities and Minority Rights in Turkey within the Context of the European Minority Rights Sub-Regime. JMWP No. 18.98, November 1998
Nas, Çigdem
enlargement
Turkey
European Parliament
discrimination/minorities
[From the Introduction]. This paper attempts to analyze the position of the EP regarding the issue of ethnic minorities and minority rights in Turkey within the context of the European minority rights sub-regime. Firstly, the main features of the European human rights regime and the significance of minority rights in this regime will be studied with reference to international documents. Thereupon, the EP's role within this framework will be evaluated. Its position concerning minorities, and terrorist activities based on the demand for secession of an ethnic group within the EU and violations of rights of minorities in third countries will be studied by making reference to related resolutions. The consecutive part of the paper will focus on Parliament resolutions concerning the situation of minorities in Turkey by comparing the EP's attitude to minority issues within the EU. The EP's policy in this field will be questioned on the criteria of justness and consistency. Finally, Turkey's place within the European minority rights sub-regime will be explored.
Barbagallo, Valentina
1998-11
Working Paper
PeerReviewed
text/html
http://aei.pitt.edu/404/1/jmwp18.htm
Nas, Çigdem (1998) The Approach of the European Parliament to the Issue of Ethnic Minorities and Minority Rights in Turkey within the Context of the European Minority Rights Sub-Regime. JMWP No. 18.98, November 1998. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/404/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:410
2011-02-15T22:15:33Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303339:74706A6861706A63636D696D6D6967726174696F6E706F6C696379
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737077656C666172657374617465
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
Third Country Nationals and Welfare Systems in the European Union. JMWP No. 12.97, September 1997
Baldwin-Edwards, Martin
welfare state
immigration policy
[From the Introduction]. In this paper I shall sketch the patterns of evolution of European welfare states, their various phases and the broad relations with immigrants. Then I address the question of the welfare needs of migrants, by migrant category and also using life-cycle hypotheses; the relative successes of different welfare systems in satisfying these needs are then examined. Finally, some policy options are proposed as plausible directions for the future.
Barbagallo, Valentina
1997-09
Working Paper
PeerReviewed
text/html
http://aei.pitt.edu/410/1/jmwp12.htm
Baldwin-Edwards, Martin (1997) Third Country Nationals and Welfare Systems in the European Union. JMWP No. 12.97, September 1997. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/410/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:543
2011-02-15T22:15:43Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:706F6C69746963616C6166666169727331323334:70616666676F7665726E616E6365
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303132
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303330
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
Partnerships in Policy and Evaluation: European, Development Country and Member State Experiences. EIPA Paper: 02PAH
Ahonen, Pertti
regional policy/structural funds
development
governance: EU & national level
general
This study focuses on the congruence between partnerships in policies and programmes and partnerships in the evaluation of policies and programmes. It employs three case studies. The first case considers a "social partnership" in a European Structural Funds programme and its subsequent evaluation. The second case examines a development co-operation partnership between developing and developed partners, including consideration of partnerships in evaluation. The third case investigates co-operation between a national government and local governments, making use of the concept "subsidiarity" and its implications for partnerships. The conceptual framework classifies programmes and evaluations according to the degree and type of partnership involved. When partnership is of a similar type in a programme and its evaluation, this study calls the situation congruent. In the three cases analysed, some degrees of congruence between the type of partnership in a programme and its evaluation are generally present. The research approach and the conceptual framework point to causes for deviation from the congruence. The approach and the framework also lead one to focus on reasons for the differences between the intended type and degree of partnership and the actual type and degree that materialised. Weak representatives of the programme beneficiaries, capacity deficiencies of partners that are targets of development efforts and mistrust between partners jeopardise partnerships. The study bears certain implications for partnerships in European programmes and their evaluations.
2000
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/543/1/02PAH.pdf
Ahonen, Pertti (2000) Partnerships in Policy and Evaluation: European, Development Country and Member State Experiences. EIPA Paper: 02PAH. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/543/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:611
2011-02-15T22:15:54Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:443030316C61776C6567616C61666661697273
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303138:656C6D756E696F6E73
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303138:656C6D696E647573747269616C6C61626F757272656C6174696F6E73
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
Decentralised Social Pacts, Trade unions and collective bargaining (how Labour Law is changing). WP C.S.D.L.E. "Massimo D'Antona" N. 2/2002
Caruso, Bruno
law & legal affairs-general (includes international law)
general
industrial/labour relations
unions
{From the Introduction]. The focus of this essay is the variegated phenomenon of social pacts, a term currently used to refer to a range of widely different practices involving different places (the firm, the territory, the state) but that derive from the same inspiration or strategy which, for lack of a more evocative term, can be defined as partnership. The spread of practices based on the concept of partnership is such that in the meta-language of European Community institutions the term is gradually replacing what was once referred to by the glorious expression "social dialogue." The analysis that follows will deliberately gloss over agreements at a macro level, that is the national-level social pacts (social pacts in the real sense according to the terminology of the European Foundation) that spread throughout Europe in the 1990s (above all in Italy, Spain, Greece, Finland, Holland, Portugal, and Ireland) and towards the end of the second millenium, even proposed, albeit on as yet weak grounds, in a refractory country like the UK. The focus of the paper will be on the meso and micro levels (regional or local as far as terrritory is concerned, sector or plant levels as regards the traditional workplace).
2002
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/611/1/n2_caruso.pdf
Caruso, Bruno (2002) Decentralised Social Pacts, Trade unions and collective bargaining (how Labour Law is changing). WP C.S.D.L.E. "Massimo D'Antona" N. 2/2002. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/611/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:617
2011-02-15T22:15:56Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:443030316C61776C6567616C61666661697273
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303138:656C6D6C61626F75726C61626F72
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031727270
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
The future of labour law: traditional models of social protection and a new constitution of social rights. WP C.S.D.L.E. "Massimo D'Antona" N. 8/2002
Caruso, Bruno
labour/labor
regulations/regulatory policies
law & legal affairs-general (includes international law)
general
[From the Introduction]. Although European labour law and welfare systems differ (Ferrera 2000), featuring the characteristic traits of various models of capitalism and national systems of industrial relations (Mendras 1999, 235 ss.; Regini 2000, 13 ss.), they represented a convergent response by governments and states to the bewilderment and anxiety of the post-war period; in the collective imagination, they meant an answer to a widespread need for certainty, protection, and also identity, often collectively perceived and experienced via participation in trade unions, political parties and other institutions of representative democracy. There was nothing comparable in the USA, where the demand for security after the Second World War only led to a surrogate of the systems we have in Europe; a surrogate represented by systems of company protection and stable employment in those enterprises, steadily decreasing in number and size, in which trade unions were capable of protecting workers on the basis of mere power relationships and supporting legislation (going back to the New Deal) which bore in itself the seeds of its own weakness. This need for protection led to a conscious sacrifice of a large amount of individual liberty in the whole of Europe, in the sense that nation states and collective representations were delegated with providing an umbrella of legal and contractual rules, the individual power to modify which was intentionally limited.... I will confine myself to pointing out a few of the critical factors produced by the phenomenon that has effectively been summed up in the phrase "universal deregulation" (Bauman 1999), one of the most widely debated epiphenomena of which is the digital economy. I use this term in a purposely generic sense without any technical meaning, as I am conscious of complex implications and necessary distinctions which it evokes (process of real de regulation, but also re regulation, flexible regulation, flexibility etc.) (Sciarra 1999, 369 ss., Regini 2000, 52 ss., Collins 2001, 205 ss).
2002
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/617/1/n10_caruso.pdf
Caruso, Bruno (2002) The future of labour law: traditional models of social protection and a new constitution of social rights. WP C.S.D.L.E. "Massimo D'Antona" N. 8/2002. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/617/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:619
2011-02-15T22:15:57Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:443030316C61776C6567616C61666661697273
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
Riforma del part-time e diritto sociale europeo: verso una teoria dei limiti ordinamentali = The part-time reform and the European Social law: Towards a theory of codes limits. WP C.S.D.L.E. "Massimo D'Antona" N. 11/2003
Caruso, Bruno
law & legal affairs-general (includes international law)
general
[From the Introduction]. Come ogni narrazione che si rispetti, il narratore deve preliminarmente organizzare la propria trama intorno ad un filo. Chi si trova a riflettere sul part-time ha solo l’imbarazzo della scelta: entra in crisi per eccesso non per scarsità di opzioni che sono, tra l’altro, tutte legittime. Sono disponibili, infatti, varie prospettive e chiavi di lettura, tutte affabulatorie, per svolgere un discorso sul part-time e sui vincoli di sistema alla sua riforma. Vanno da un massimo di accentuazione del punto di vista domestico collegato a contingenti questioni politiche, fino ad una riduzione minimale dello stesso nel momento in cui si sceglie la proiezione sovranazionale. Vediamone alcune. a) Si può utilizzare una riflessione sul part-time per una valutazione, in chiave tutta politica, delle scelte dell’attuale governo esplicitate nel Libro bianco e perseguite con le iniziative legislative in atto; è una chiave di lettura che riscontra molta fortuna oggi, essendo uno degli approcci privilegiati dalla dottrina italiana che sembra aver riscoperto il gusto della querelle politico-ideologica a tesi precostituite. b) Si potrebbe partire, invece, da una riflessione tutta interna all’istituto del part-time, alle diverse funzioni che gli si intendono affidare secondo il criterio del contemperamento. Per esempio: - Sul lato della domanda di lavoro, incentivare l’occupazione o, secondo i dettami della Strategia Europea per l’Occupazione, il tasso di attività, specie femminile; ridurre il costo del lavoro; rendere numericamente flessibile od elastica, per collocazione temporale, la prestazione nell’interesse dell’impresa. - Sul lato dell’offerta, flessibilizzare la prestazione in ragione di esigenze del lavoratore, incentivando la costruzione di percorsi di integrazione tra tempi di vita e tempi di lavoro, incrociare il lavoro familiare con la disciplina sui congedi parentali, consentire la formazione permanente e una fuoruscita graduale verso il pensionamento. Su queste diverse funzioni dell’istituto, misurare, poi, in chiave di politica del diritto, non di politica tout court, come nell’ipotesi precedente, contenuti e vincoli dell’attuale proposta di modifica del quadro legislativo esistente.
2003
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/619/1/n17_caruso3.pdf
Caruso, Bruno (2003) Riforma del part-time e diritto sociale europeo: verso una teoria dei limiti ordinamentali = The part-time reform and the European Social law: Towards a theory of codes limits. WP C.S.D.L.E. "Massimo D'Antona" N. 11/2003. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/619/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:630
2011-02-15T22:16:00Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737077656C666172657374617465
74797065733D61727469636C65
"The Welfare States in a United Europe"
Corrado, Luisa
Londoño, David
Mennini, Francesco
Trovato, Giovanni
welfare state
Despite the creation in Europe of a common economic and monetary union, the convergence towards a unique European Welfare State (EWS) model is not yet in evidence. By applying a ß-Convergence panel data approach on real per-capita welfare expenditure, the paper analyses how the different types of welfare states and country-specific factors are conditioning the convergence of EU member states social policies. Our results suggest that a unique European model toward which the different countries are converging does not exist. Instead, we find evidence of strong heterogeneity among welfare states. While accounting for the sensitivity to national specificity of the earlier literature (Esping-Andersen, 1990), this methodology allows us to understand whether there exists a prospect for constructing a new ‘Transnational European Social Model' (Hay et al., 1999).
European Political-economy Infrastructure Consortium (EPIC)
Schwarzer, Daniela
Tulmets, Elsa
2003-03
Article
PeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/630/1/CORRADO.PDF
Corrado, Luisa and Londoño, David and Mennini, Francesco and Trovato, Giovanni (2003) "The Welfare States in a United Europe". European Political Economy Review, 1 (1). 040-055.
http://aei.pitt.edu/630/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:641
2011-02-15T22:16:02Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D46:46303037
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303339:74706A6861706A63636D696D6D6967726174696F6E706F6C696379
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:73706469736372696D696E6174696F6E6D696E6F726974696573
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:706F6C69746963616C6166666169727331323334:706166664575726F7065616E656C656374696F6E73
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Dealing with Alien Suffrage: Examples from the EU and Germany"
Day, Stephen
Germany
immigration policy
discrimination/minorities
European elections/voting behavior
[From the Introduction]. The idea of good governance is becoming the latest buzz-word to cast its shadow over the operational nature of domestic and international politics. Within that shadow is the need to ensure the opportunity to participate. The fact that the 5.5 million EU citizens living in other EU Member States have been granted limited political rights is obviously a step forward but the fact that resident aliens and third-country nationals lack equivalent rights and, hence, remain excluded from both the national, local and supranational arena, represents a major challenge to the normative-based idea of good governance. The paper will address two distinct though, perhaps, interconnected issues? [this is a question that will hopefully be answered during the course of field-work immediately prior to the conference]: the issue of EU citizens and alien suffrage and the case of non-citizens and to alien suffrage. While the former looks at developments within the EU, the latter will concern itself with the case of the Turkish minority in Germany. We need to ascertain what is the factor(s) that initiates/ and or drives change?' It is the contention of this paper that one possible driving force, because of the difficulties of addressing such issues at the national political level, could be the European Union. That is not to say that reform at the European level in terms of EU Citizens voting rights, will lead to the vote being given to Third Country Nationals (at the local and European level) or indeed any non-nationals being given the right to vote at the national level, it is rather an assertion that change at the European level begins to change the nature of the political climate within which issues have to be dealt with at the national level. Of course establishing a new norm is going to generate both support and opposition.
2000
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/641/1/ICDay.pdf
Day, Stephen (2000) "Dealing with Alien Suffrage: Examples from the EU and Germany". In: UNSPECIFIED, Corfu, Greece.
http://aei.pitt.edu/641/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:645
2011-02-15T22:16:03Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:706F6C69746963616C6166666169727331323334:70616666676F7665726E616E6365
7375626A656374733D46:46303035
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Inflation of Evaluation Methods as an Instrument of Governance in the EU - the Case of the Objective 3 of the European Social Fund (ESF) and the Evaluation of Finnish Products, 1994-1999"
Kankare, Ilkka
Finland
governance: EU & national level
general
My current research examines the use of the ever more common evaluations as an instrument of governance in the European Union. In this paper I argue that the mere refining of evaluation methodology will never suffice to dispose of the fact that whenever large amounts of money are passed from one place to another, a great deal of politics is involved. Not even the best evaluation is a magic tool that automatically allows ignoring contradictory, conflicting interests, or economic, social and cultural factors, or solves the infinite diversity and unpredictability of social reality. Governance- based liturgy, however, maintains a different opinion, presumably with the well grounded justification that governance must be possible even in the midst of ambivalence and uncertainty. From this starting point it becomes, as I will demonstrate, inevitable that a lot of information will remain uncovered, and some of the discovered data will be false. In the scale of European Union, we are dealing with a significant problem. The main reason why the problem has been left without attention is probably that the magnitude of it hasn’t been understood. In this paper I will illustrate what these problems could be, what may result from them, and why they are worth a closer examination. My choice of case is the Objective 3 of European Social Fund (ESF), and particularly the Finnish projects and their evaluations of the period 1994-1999. I hope that after the discussions in the theme group I will have a better understanding and possibly some new ideas about how the problems may reflect to the European context.
2000
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/645/1/ICKankare.pdf
Kankare, Ilkka (2000) "Inflation of Evaluation Methods as an Instrument of Governance in the EU - the Case of the Objective 3 of the European Social Fund (ESF) and the Evaluation of Finnish Products, 1994-1999". In: UNSPECIFIED, Corfu, Greece.
http://aei.pitt.edu/645/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:648
2011-02-15T22:16:04Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D46:46303236
7375626A656374733D46:46303037
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737077656C666172657374617465
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Attitudinal cleavages and the welfare state: A comparison between the United Kingdom and Germany"
Mau, Steffen
welfare state
Germany
U.K.
[Introduction]. The welfare state represents one of the major integrative arrangements of modern democracies. It has an important impact on the redistribution of wealth and the structure of inequality. In some respects, the welfare state helped to heal social divisions or at least to mitigate social inequalities; not only in terms of material inequalities, but also in ideological and political terms. Although essential for the idea of the welfare state the society-wide support for such redistributive efforts cannot be taken for granted. Older collectivist thinkers of welfare were less concerned with these kind of problems. Marshall (1965, p. 97), for example, saw a "growing measure of agreement on fundamentals" with regard to the provision of services and the willingness of the citizens to contribute. Many of those on the Left but also New Liberals had a great faith in human public-spiritedness and the mobilisation of altruistic motivations. In the Beveridge plan one can find an expression of the self-esteem of that time: "The capacity and desire of the British people to contribute for security are among the most certain and impressive social facts" (Cmnd 6404, 1942, p. 119). Since the comfortable mixture of economic growth and welfare state expansion has come to an end the welfare state has been subjected to a crisis discussion. Its integrative capacity and its ability to compromise different class interests have been doubted. It was assumed that pro-welfare-state orientations thrive under conditions of a prospering welfare state, whereas they "tend to decompose under zero-sum conditions" (Offe 1987, p. 530). Many commentators saw the end of the 'welfare consensus' and the rise of individualist and anti-collectivist ideologies which would turn against social protection and state intervention. It was assumed that the higher status groups will express their anti-welfare sentiments within the political arena, whereas the welfare beneficiaries of the lower status sections of the society might be the defenders of the welfare state. In this regard, it was widely assumed that people will support social institutions if they derive benefits from them. The "beneficial involvement" of social groups was seen as the crucial factor for the public standing of the welfare institutions. Special attention was given to the middle classes: "The idea here is that if the middle classes benefit from programmes, then they will not use their not inconsiderable political skills to obtain more resources for those programmes or to defend them in periods of decline" (Goodin/LeGrand 1987, p. 210). This paper sets out a comparative frame which charts the attitudinal stances towards the welfare state in Great Britain and Germany with a special focus on group differences. Following the argument made before, the institutional architecture is viewed as a decisive component which conditions the self-interest motives of the population. But moreover, it carries ideological and ideational notions which influence likewise the orientations of the general public. The institutionalised values and norms must appeal to the sense of justice and adequacy of a large number of citizens. The social security institutions depend on a 'normative soundness' which gives reason to participate and to contribute beyond pure self-interest, because of the "burden of discomfort which is a necessary part of any policy" (Ringen 1987, p. 50).
2000
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/648/1/ICMau.pdf
Mau, Steffen (2000) "Attitudinal cleavages and the welfare state: A comparison between the United Kingdom and Germany". In: UNSPECIFIED, Corfu, Greece.
http://aei.pitt.edu/648/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:657
2011-02-15T22:16:05Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303337
7375626A656374733D46:46303032
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303138:656C6D696E647573747269616C6C61626F757272656C6174696F6E73
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737077656C666172657374617465
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
The labour market and fiscal impact of labour reductions: The case of reduction of employers' social security contributions under a wage norm regime with automatic price indexing of wages. NBB Working Paper Nr. 36
Burggraeve, Koen
Du Caju, Philip.
tax policy
Belgium
welfare state
industrial/labour relations
This paper investigates the possible labour market and fiscal impacts of labour tax reductions in a typically Belgian setting, i.e. a wage norm regime with automatic price indexing of wages. We consider reductions in employers' social security contributions and fiscal compensation through value added or production taxes. Reductions in employers' social security contributions can only have significant employment effects if they effectively reduce labour costs. These reductions are only partly self-financing, and the cost per job created is high. The remaining negative impact on the government budget should be compensated through an alternative means of financing this expenditure, since not–compensating for the budgetary loss is not a realistic option in the long run. For this purpose, various financing schemes can be envisaged, but an increase in value added tax and the introduction of a tax on production (mimicking environmental taxes affecting firms' production costs) are the two possibilities considered in this paper. The alternative financing mechanisms destroy some of the positive employment effects of the initial reductions. However, on balance the combined measures can create some employment without worsening the government budget balance. The reaction of wages to the reduction in employers' social security contributions and to the fiscal compensation measures proves crucial. The more the initial reductions in employers' contributions are used to finance higher gross wages, and the more the inflationary effects of fiscal compensation measures are passed on in wages, the less positive the impact on employment will be. This means that little job creation is to be expected without a special co-ordination effort between all labour market players. Labour tax reductions are by no means a substitute for other labour market reforms.
2003-03
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/657/1/WP36.pdf
Burggraeve, Koen and Du Caju, Philip. (2003) The labour market and fiscal impact of labour reductions: The case of reduction of employers' social security contributions under a wage norm regime with automatic price indexing of wages. NBB Working Paper Nr. 36. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/657/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:728
2011-02-15T22:16:09Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:706F6C69746963616C6166666169727331323334:70616666676F7665726E616E6365
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:69646F7067:69646F7067646D706D
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303138:656C6D656D706C6F796D656E74756E656D706C6F796D656E74
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
The European Employment Strategy as a new governance paradigm for EU level social policy and its implementation through the Open Method of Coordination
Velluti, Samantha
governance: EU & national level
employment/unemployment
general
decision making/policy-making
The paper looks at the European Employment Strategy (EES) within the discourse of New Governance. In particular, I focus on three main research questions. Does the EES, implemented through the 'Open Method of Co-ordination,'(OMC) represent a new mode of policy-making? What is the impact of benchmarking, peer pressure and exchange of best practices at the national level? What is the contribution of the EES and OMC to the extant EC Social Policy regulation in terms of policy transfer? I then suggest a series of amendments to Title VIII and XI of the EC Treaty in order to strengthen the institutional framework of the EES and EC Social Policy sensu lato.
2002
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/728/1/C2W3_Velluti_bibliography.pdf
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/728/2/C2W3_Velluti.pdf
Velluti, Samantha (2002) The European Employment Strategy as a new governance paradigm for EU level social policy and its implementation through the Open Method of Coordination. In: UNSPECIFIED, Florence, Italy.
http://aei.pitt.edu/728/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:740
2011-02-15T22:16:11Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:443030316C61776C6567616C61666661697273
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303434
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303138:656C6D6C61626F75726C61626F72
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
The active role of ESF and ETF - answer for effective EU on human resource development
Pluta, Malgorzata
labour/labor
law & legal affairs-general (includes international law)
general
information technology policy
[From the Introduction]. The economic policy agenda is currently shaped by the motive of competitiveness, which has been designed as a device to cope with the combined processes of globalisation and regionalisation of economy. As the world’s economy becomes increasingly globalized, nation states have had to reassess their comparative and competitive advantages. The best way to do this leads through using new technologies. The great technology progress, which we are witnessing is taking place from day to day at the end of the XX century. Nowadays we are all living in the Information Society based on use of information and communication technology lead by knowledge based economy. By the year 2010, half of all jobs will be in industries that are either major producers or intensive users of information technology products and services. It seems that the turn of the centuries is the most appropriate time for prognostic reflections related to the experiences of how this new technology progress leading to the economic growth affects the labour market.
2002
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/740/1/ICPluta.pdf
Pluta, Malgorzata (2002) The active role of ESF and ETF - answer for effective EU on human resource development. In: UNSPECIFIED, Corfu, Greece.
http://aei.pitt.edu/740/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:743
2011-02-15T22:16:11Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303339:74706A6861706A63636D696D6D6967726174696F6E706F6C696379
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:73706469736372696D696E6174696F6E6D696E6F726974696573
7375626A656374733D46:46303131
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
Popular Racism, Modernity and Europe - an ethnography on Turin (Italy)
Maritano, Laura.
immigration policy
Italy
discrimination/minorities
[Introduction]. In this paper I am going to explore how ideas of Europe and European identity are used to articulate popular discourses on immigration and immigrants. In contrast with the literature on European identity and immigration which has mostly looked at institutions, adopting a top-down approach, I will look at popular discourses, adopting an approach from the bottom-up. I will base my analysis on ethnographic research carried out between 1997 and 1999 in a quarter of Turin, San Salvario, where there have been strong protests against the presence of immigrants. I will focus in particular on the interviews with some members of a grass-roots Committee created "to fight criminality brought in the quarter by the presence of immigrants". As a first step, I will focus on those studies which have analysed how issues of European identity and immigration have been constructed at an institutional level. Then, I will consider how Europe and immigration have become important grounds on which Italian identities are negotiated following the global and national changes of the 1980’s and the 1990’s and I will analyse how they are perceived among my interviewees. My argument is that ideas of Europe have been elaborated at institutional level in exclusionary terms in relation to immigrants and presented in terms of "modernity"; and that these ideas have had an influence on popular discourses on immigration and contribute to the production of racialised representations of immigrants. In other words, I will argue that ideas of Europe and modernity can be used to articulate popular racialised discourses of immigration.
2000
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/743/1/ICMaritano.pdf
Maritano, Laura. (2000) Popular Racism, Modernity and Europe - an ethnography on Turin (Italy). In: UNSPECIFIED, Corfu, Greece.
http://aei.pitt.edu/743/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:745
2011-02-15T22:16:12Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E646572706F6C696379
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303134
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:73706469736372696D696E6174696F6E6D696E6F726974696573
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
Gender and Discrimination: Muslim Women Living in Europe
Hashmi, Nadia
discrimination/minorities
EU-Islam
gender policy/equal opportunity
It is suggested that Discrimination against Muslim women in Europe exists on a two-tier level. Firstly the discrimination that they might encounter in society, and secondly the arguable inequality for women within the Muslim family structure.
2000
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/745/1/ICHashmi.pdf
Hashmi, Nadia (2000) Gender and Discrimination: Muslim Women Living in Europe. In: UNSPECIFIED, Corfu, Greece.
http://aei.pitt.edu/745/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:746
2011-02-15T22:16:12Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E646572706F6C696379
7375626A656374733D46:46303233
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737077656C666172657374617465
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
The Future of Social Protection. Towards an integration of gender as a fundamental dimension of variation in welfare state reform. The case of Spain
de Leon, Margarita
welfare state
Spain
general
gender policy/equal opportunity
[From the Introduction]. European social protection systems are facing new challenges that impose an urgent need for adaptation. The economic and social conditions under which social protection systems developed have experienced profound transformations. These changes at both the macro and the micro levels of society are creating unknown patterns of social inclusion and exclusion, with which social protection systems are currently confronted. Gender is a variable that cuts across any other dimension of welfare state variation. I argue that any analysis of social protection reform, and more broadly of welfare state reform will have to take into account, in a systematic way, its gender dimension. Gender relations influence any process of social change and equally, any societal change challenges pre-existent gender relations. In the present paper, I will first describe the changes with which European social protection systems are confronted. Secondly, I will attempt to analyse the capacity of the Spanish social protection system, integrated within the southern European model to adapt itself in order to face the new challenges.
2000
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/746/1/ICLeon.pdf
de Leon, Margarita (2000) The Future of Social Protection. Towards an integration of gender as a fundamental dimension of variation in welfare state reform. The case of Spain. In: UNSPECIFIED, Corfu, Greece.
http://aei.pitt.edu/746/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:817
2011-02-15T22:16:23Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:69646F7067:69646F7067646D706D
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303230
74797065733D61727469636C65
Alternative Regulations or Complementary Methods? Evolving Options in European Governance
Best, Edward
general
decision making/policy-making
environmental policy (including international arena)
[Summary]. Long gone are the days when the only choice for pursuing a Community objective was law, and law was adopted according to one main procedure. In many areas EU policy is formulated and implemented through a mixture of methods both legal and non-legal, European and national, public and private. After a flashback to recall some the main reasons why all these new methods have emerged, this article outlines the main features of two areas in which "self-regulation" and "co-regulation" are significant: environmental agreements and the social dialogue. It then gives an overview of the very different ways in which the "open method of coordination" is in fact being pursued. The final section then addresses some of the main issues which have been raised regarding the effectiveness and legitimacy of these new methods, and looks to the future.
2003
Article
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/817/1/scop2003_1_1.pdf
Best, Edward (2003) Alternative Regulations or Complementary Methods? Evolving Options in European Governance. EIPASCOPE, 2003 (1). pp. 1-10.
http://aei.pitt.edu/817/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:834
2011-02-15T22:16:27Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E646572706F6C696379
74797065733D61727469636C65
Gender Equality and the EU – An Assessment of the Current Issues
Arribas, Gracia Vara
Carrasco, Laura
gender policy/equal opportunity
[Summary]. Equality between women and men is a fundamental principle of democratic societies. However, it is a fact that there still remain inequalities between men and women. Both at EU and at a national level, a wide range of tools and approaches have been developed with the aim of achieving the goal of equality. The more traditional vertical approach to gender issues is now complemented by the gender mainstreaming of public policies and programmes. This pro-active approach requires those involved in policy making to integrate a gender equality perspective into all policies, at all levels and at all stages. In this article we look at legislative developments in the EU with regard to gender equality, and at the implementation of gender mainstreaming that the Community has carried out since the early 1990s. We also elaborate on the elements necessary for the successful gender mainstreaming of public policies and provide examples of best practice at EU and national level.
2003
Article
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/834/1/scop2003_1_3.pdf
Arribas, Gracia Vara and Carrasco, Laura (2003) Gender Equality and the EU – An Assessment of the Current Issues. EIPASCOPE, 2003 (1). pp. 1-9.
http://aei.pitt.edu/834/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:861
2011-02-15T22:16:34Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
74797065733D61727469636C65
L'Union européenne, un drôle d'animal social = The European Union, an odd social animal
Guggenbühl, Alain.
general
[From the Introduction]. Le processus d'intégration européenne a enfanté un étrange animal caractérisé par les deux attributs apparents d'un pachyderme animal robuste mais à la vitesse de déplacement lente . Le premier attribut symbolise le fort degré d'intégration atteint par des États ayant décidé de transférer certaines compétences à une autorité commune appelée à légiférer à leur place, à la majorité simple ou qualifiée, en coopération ou codécision avec les représentants européens de leurs citoyens. Dans d'autres domaines, les États membres de l'Union n'ont pas abandonné leur souveraineté ni, en conséquence, leur capacité de veto. En préservant la prise de décision à l'unanimité ou dans les limites d'une coopération intergouvernementale, les États ont contribué à l'immobilisme de l'animal européen dans ces domaines. Bien qu'il faille aujourd'hui regretter la dissonance entre la robustesse et la capacité de réponse de l'Union sur le plan commercial ou éconoique et son faible ou léthargique caractère social, de modestes approfondissements et accélérations du caractère social de l'intégration européenne ont pu être observés depuis 1958. Nous tâcherons de montrer ici jusqu'à quel point l'Union européenne en tant qu'animal social s'est endurcie et comment s'est adaptée sa vitesse de mobilité.
1995
Article
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/861/1/4.htm
Guggenbühl, Alain. (1995) L'Union européenne, un drôle d'animal social = The European Union, an odd social animal. EIPASCOPE, 1995 (2). pp. 1-4.
http://aei.pitt.edu/861/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:1076
2011-02-15T22:17:08Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303138:656C6D656D706C6F796D656E74756E656D706C6F796D656E74
74797065733D6F74686572
"The EU’s concept of activation for young people: towards a new social contract?"
Crespo, Eduardo
Serrano Pascual, A.
employment/unemployment
general
[From the Introduction]. The concept of activation covers a wide range of employment measures with very different approaches and emphases that are determined by the cultural and political traditions of each country, or even of the various regions within a country... The first part of this paper will consider the nature and extent of European Union regulation in this field, and will attempt to demonstrate the significance of the role played by the EU’s institutions as promoters of ideological socialisation. Whilst it is true that the European Union did not invent the activation-based discourse, it has nevertheless played a major role in its propagation and in establishing the terms in which the problem of unemployment is discussed. The second section will examine the way in which the model of production is changing and how this has led to a need for new terminology that enables us to understand the ‘social question’. Finally, we will analyse the discourse of the EU’s institutions, particularly in respect of the European Employment Strategy, with a view to establishing the basis of the EU’s discourse with regard to activation.
Serrano Pascual, A.
2004
Other
NonPeerReviewed
text/plain
http://aei.pitt.edu/1076/1/crespo_and_serrano_jp_final.txt
application/msword
http://aei.pitt.edu/1076/2/crespo_and_serrano_jp_final.doc
Crespo, Eduardo and Serrano Pascual, A. (2004) "The EU’s concept of activation for young people: towards a new social contract?". UNSPECIFIED. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/1076/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:1077
2015-06-02T19:25:34Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303138:656C6D656D706C6F796D656E74756E656D706C6F796D656E74
74797065733D6F74686572
"Towards convergence of the European activation policies?" in Are activation policies converging? The European employment strategy for young people. Brussels: ETUI
Serrano Pascual, A.
employment/unemployment
general
[From the Introduction]. Activation is a key notion in the European employment strategy, and the cornerstone of the European social model as presented by the European Institutions. It is a principle that has become central to the process of adapting our European societies to changes in production models, changes which have been conceptualised by the European institutions by means of repeated reference to the "movement towards a knowledge-based society". The principle of activation is used to make transformation ("modernisation") of the welfare state into the condition for adaptation of the European social model to the new conditions of production. Insofar as the process of change is presented as a fact of nature, renovation of the social model becomes an incontrovertible necessity. This book set out to analyse the extent to which this type of discourse and practice, as promoted by the European institutions, has exerted an influence on national policies and whether or not we are witnessing a process of convergence in the ways in which this particular mode of intervention is being implemented.
Serrano Pascual, A.
2004
Other
NonPeerReviewed
text/plain
http://aei.pitt.edu/1077/1/AmparoActivationConclusion_final_version_jp11.txt
application/msword
http://aei.pitt.edu/1077/2/AmparoActivationConclusion_final_version_jp11%2D1.doc
Serrano Pascual, A. (2004) "Towards convergence of the European activation policies?" in Are activation policies converging? The European employment strategy for young people. Brussels: ETUI. UNSPECIFIED. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/1077/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:1436
2011-02-15T22:18:35Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303033
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303232
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303132
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303339:74706A6861706A63636D696D6D6967726174696F6E706F6C696379
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303038
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303330
74797065733D706F6C6963797061706572
Lessons of European Integration for the Americas
Anderson, Sarah
Canavagh, John.
regional policy/structural funds
regionalism, international
cohesion policy
development
EU-Latin America
general
EU-US
immigration policy
agriculture policy
environmental policy (including international arena)
As criticism mounts in the Americas over what many perceive to be an overly narrow approach to integration, there is growing interest among political leaders and citizen groups to learn more from the most advanced regional integration project in the world: the European Union. This report draws lessons from the European experience that may be relevant for the debate over the proposed Free Trade Area of the Americas in five issue areas: development funds, migration, agriculture, social and environmental standards, and public participation.
2004-02
Policy Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/msword
http://aei.pitt.edu/1436/1/Lessons_of_European_Integration_for_the_Americas.doc
text/html
http://aei.pitt.edu/1436/2/eulessons/EUlessons.pdf
Anderson, Sarah and Canavagh, John. (2004) Lessons of European Integration for the Americas. [Policy Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/1436/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:1620
2011-02-15T22:19:21Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
The First EU Social Partner Agreement in Practice: Parental Leave in the 15 Member States. IHS Political Science Series: 2004, No. 96
Treib, Oliver
Falkner, Gerda.
general
In this paper, we analyze the impact of one specific EU social policy measure, the Parental Leave Directive. This Directive is based on the first Euro-collective agreement, concluded in November 1995 by the ETUC, UNICE and CEEP. Contrary to the rather sceptical assessments presented by many observers at the time of its adoption, our in-depth analysis of the Directive's implementation in all 15 member states reveals rather far-reaching effects. The Directive induced significant policy reforms in the majority of member states and thus facilitated the reconciliation of work and family life for many working parents. These effects were not only brought about by compliance with the compulsory minimum standards of the Directive, but also by a considerable number of voluntary reforms. We argue that domestic party politics and processes of policy learning may explain the occurrence of these "unforced" changes, which have hitherto received little attention by Europeanisation scholars.
2004-04
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/1620/1/pw_96.pdf
Treib, Oliver and Falkner, Gerda. (2004) The First EU Social Partner Agreement in Practice: Parental Leave in the 15 Member States. IHS Political Science Series: 2004, No. 96. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/1620/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:1623
2011-02-15T22:19:22Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D46:46303238
7375626A656374733D46:46303331
7375626A656374733D46:46303239
7375626A656374733D44:44303033:44303033303032
7375626A656374733D46:46303330
7375626A656374733D46:46303133
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303035
7375626A656374733D46:46303137
7375626A656374733D46:46303034
7375626A656374733D46:46303231
7375626A656374733D46:46303039
7375626A656374733D46:46303132
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303130
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:73706469736372696D696E6174696F6E6D696E6F726974696573
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
Assessing the Assessment. A Review on the Application Criteria; Minority Protection by the European Commission. EIPA Working Paper 2003/W/04
Heidbreder, Eva G.
Carrasco, Laura.
EU-South-Eastern Europe (Balkans)
Latvia
Estonia
discrimination/minorities
Slovak Republic
Lithuania
EU-Central and Eastern Europe
Cyprus
enlargement
Malta
Poland
Hungary
Bulgaria
Czech Republic
[From the Introduction]. In April 2003 ten applicant states signed accession treaties to the European Union. This marked the endpoint of an intensive preparatory phase in which the candidate countries' adherence to criteria for membership of the European Union was annually monitored in the so-called Regular Reports....The question thus arises of how the Commission arrives at its evaluations. How does it apply the criteria to assess an applicant country's success in meeting them? This study aims to shed light on the above question by focusing on the criterion "respect for and protection of minorities"....
2003
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/1623/1/2003w04.pdf
Heidbreder, Eva G. and Carrasco, Laura. (2003) Assessing the Assessment. A Review on the Application Criteria; Minority Protection by the European Commission. EIPA Working Paper 2003/W/04. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/1623/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:1630
2011-02-15T22:19:24Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:443030316C61776C6567616C61666661697273
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303138:656C6D6C61626F75726C61626F72
7375626A656374733D46:46303131
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
Di fronte all'Europa. Passato e presente del diritto del lavoro = Facing Europe. Past and Present of Labor Law. WP C.S.D.L.E. "Massimo D'Antona" N. 12/2003
Sciarra, Silvana.
labour/labor
Italy
law & legal affairs-general (includes international law)
general
This paper offers a diachronic comparison of the regulations within the Italian Labor Law. It has the following goals: to evaluate to which extent the European Community Labor Law has influenced Italian Labor Law; and to analyze the role of Labor Law within European macroeconomic policies. The diachronic comparison reveals that the development of social and labor rights within the European context follows a separate and distinct pact from the economic integration. The evolution of social rights within the European policy is slow but continuous and strictly intertwined with complex institutional revision of the role of the states and the EU.
2003
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/1630/1/n19_sciarra.pdf
Sciarra, Silvana. (2003) Di fronte all'Europa. Passato e presente del diritto del lavoro = Facing Europe. Past and Present of Labor Law. WP C.S.D.L.E. "Massimo D'Antona" N. 12/2003. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/1630/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:1631
2011-02-15T22:19:24Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
7375626A656374733D46:46303131
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
L'incerta europeizzazione. Diritto della sicurezza sociale e lotta all'esclusione in Italia = The Uncertainty of Becoming European. The Right to Social Security and the Fight against Social Exclusion in Italy. WP C.S.D.L.E. "Massimo D'Antona" N. 13/2003
Giubboni, Stefano.
Italy
general
The aim of this paper is to illustrate the measures on the subject of social rights adopted or simply intended by Italy, under the influence of the European Community's social policy. This analysis focuses in particular on actions concerning social security. The paper illustrates the rise and the development within European policy of a concern for issues of social exclusion. This interest developed over the course of twenty years, from the 1980s to the most recent actions taken in favor of social inclusion. The paper analyzes the Italian welfare system and discusses the reasons for the lack of an organic and explicit policy against economic poverty and social exclusion.
2003
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/1631/1/n20_giubboni.pdf
Giubboni, Stefano. (2003) L'incerta europeizzazione. Diritto della sicurezza sociale e lotta all'esclusione in Italia = The Uncertainty of Becoming European. The Right to Social Security and the Fight against Social Exclusion in Italy. WP C.S.D.L.E. "Massimo D'Antona" N. 13/2003. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/1631/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:1633
2011-02-15T22:19:25Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:443030316C61776C6567616C61666661697273
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303339:4430303130333968756D616E726967687473
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
La costituzionalizzazione dell'Europa Sociale. Diritti fondamentali e procedure di soft law = The Constitutional Dimension of Social Europe. Fundamental Rights and Procedures of Soft Law. WP C.S.D.L.E. "Massimo D'Antona" N. 16/2003
Sciarra, Silvana.
human rights
law & legal affairs-general (includes international law)
general
This paper offers a chronological overview of the most significant moments in the process of drafting the EU Charter of Fundamental rights. It argues for the extension and modernization of the current social policy.
2003
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/1633/1/n24_sciarra2.pdf
Sciarra, Silvana. (2003) La costituzionalizzazione dell'Europa Sociale. Diritti fondamentali e procedure di soft law = The Constitutional Dimension of Social Europe. Fundamental Rights and Procedures of Soft Law. WP C.S.D.L.E. "Massimo D'Antona" N. 16/2003. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/1633/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:1634
2011-02-15T22:19:25Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:443030316C61776C6567616C61666661697273
7375626A656374733D44:44303033:436F6E7374346575726F7065
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
Diritti e politiche sociali nella "crisi" europea = Social Law and Social Policy in the European "Crisis". WP C.S.D.L.E. "Massimo D'Antona" N. 17/2004
Giubboni, Stefano.
Constitution for Europe
law & legal affairs-general (includes international law)
general
The aim of this paper is to provide an analysis of the debate taken place within CIG (Interregional Convention) concerning the role of Social and Labor Law in the European Constitution.
2004
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/1634/1/n30_giubboni.pdf
Giubboni, Stefano. (2004) Diritti e politiche sociali nella "crisi" europea = Social Law and Social Policy in the European "Crisis". WP C.S.D.L.E. "Massimo D'Antona" N. 17/2004. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/1634/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:1719
2011-02-15T22:19:43Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D46:46303236
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737077656C666172657374617465
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:6575726F7065616E69736174696F6E6575726F7065616E697A6174696F6E6E6174696F6E616C6964656E74697479
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
Europeanisation, Complexity and the British Welfare State
Geyer, Robert.
U.K.
europeanisation/europeanization & European identity
welfare state
[From the Introduction]. What is Complexity theory? How and when did it emerge? Is it a hot new academic fad like globalisation or the end of history, or is it something more profound? To begin to answer these questions we need to jump back a few centuries and briefly discuss the emergence of what is variously labelled as the Newtonian or linear paradigm. For reasons that will become clear, we have called it, the paradigm of order.
2003
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/1719/1/Geyer.pdf
application/msword
http://aei.pitt.edu/1719/2/Geyer.doc
Geyer, Robert. (2003) Europeanisation, Complexity and the British Welfare State. In: UNSPECIFIED, Sheffield, UK.
http://aei.pitt.edu/1719/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:1839
2011-02-15T22:20:17Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
74797065733D6F74686572
Social Europe. ENEPRI Occasional Paper No. 5, November 2003
Ederveen, Sjef
Moooij, Ruud de.
general
[From the Introduction and Summary]. Building a Social Europe has received due attention since the founding of the European Community in Rome. The European summit in Lisbon in 2000 was an important milestone in this process. European leaders committed themselves to working together through the 'open coordination' method to develop a policy to combat poverty and social exclusion. The open coordination approach means that countries exchange information and encourage each other to pursue policies geared to their social objectives. The European Union does not itself play an active role in the way in which individual member states set about achieving those objectives. It has however been agreed that member states will draw up a National Action Plan every two years setting out the way in which they plan to realise their objectives.
2003-11
Other
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/1839/1/ENEPRI_OP5.pdf
Ederveen, Sjef and Moooij, Ruud de. (2003) Social Europe. ENEPRI Occasional Paper No. 5, November 2003. UNSPECIFIED.
http://aei.pitt.edu/1839/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:1850
2011-02-15T22:20:20Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:69646F7067:69646F706768646F63
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
Convergence in Social Protection across EU Countries, 1970-1999. ENEPRI Working Paper No. 18, March 2003
Sosvilla-Rivero, Simón
Herce, José A.
Lucio, Juan-José de.
historical development of EC (pre-1986)
general
This paper examines the degree of convergence in social protection registered in the European Union during the 1970-99 period. To that end, we use Eurostat data and study the long-run properties of the data set using time series analysis. Our results indicate that there is no evidence of long-run convergence in Social Protection expenditure to GDP ratios. However, we do find evidence of catching-up with respect both to Germany and the EU average for all countries belonging to EU12, except for Greece.
2003-03
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/1850/1/ENEPRI_WP18.pdf
Sosvilla-Rivero, Simón and Herce, José A. and Lucio, Juan-José de. (2003) Convergence in Social Protection across EU Countries, 1970-1999. ENEPRI Working Paper No. 18, March 2003. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/1850/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:1855
2011-02-15T22:20:21Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303138:656C6D656D706C6F796D656E74756E656D706C6F796D656E74
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:65636F6E6F6D696366696E616E6369616C61666661697273:65666153696E676C654D61726B6574:65666153696E676C654D61726B657473686F
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303138:656C6D6C61626F75726C61626F72
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303436
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737077656C666172657374617465
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
Mutual Recognition, Unemployment and the Welfare State. ENEPRI Working Paper No. 13, September 2002
Kostoris, Fiorella
Schioppa, Padoa.
public health policy (including global activities)
labour/labor
harmonisation/standards/mutual recognition
welfare state
employment/unemployment
Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Rules and Regulations on Mutual Recognition in the European Union Markets; Mutual recognition, equivalence, competition and harmonisation; "Equal treatment" and "social dumping"; The minimum threshold; 3. Proposals for the Introduction of Mutual Recognition in the European Labour Markets and Welfare States; Existing general rules for social protection in Europe; Health care; Mandatory pension schemes; Supplementary pension schemes; Classical unemployment and labour mobility; Mutual recognition and labour market rigidities: A theoretical model; 4. Policy Conclusions. [From the Introduction]. In the post-war process of its economic and social construction, the European Union has been following different paths ranging between open assimilation to mutual recognition. The former arises in the attempts, either negotiated between partners or proposed by Community institutions, to attain harmonisation, coordination, convergence, strengthened co-operation, through peer pressures or moral suasion, looking at benchmarks or at best practices. These are all forms of mediation, compromise, variable geometry between Member States, which show a certain degree of success, but also many failures, mainly because they are unable to accept unity in diversity making the large, existing heterogeneity in Europe a form not of weakness but of wealth. This is indeed the very gist of the principle of mutual recognition: its symbolic value can be easily perceived simply by thinking that, if the American currency bears the caption "ex pluribus unum", the Euro motto becomes "unity in diversity", as stated in her May 4 2000 speech by Mme. Nicole Fontaine, Chairperson of the European Parliament.... In what follows we will analyse the main reasons for the observed facts concerning the advantages of mutual recognition in three out of the four European freedoms (Section 2). We will then see the disadvantages of using an oposite principle in Union’s labour markets and Welfare States. Some possible extensions of the principle of mutual recognition in these fields will thus be proposed: using a simple theoretical game theory model, the positive implications on labour mobility and on the fight against the European classical unemployment will be shown (Section 3). Section 4 will illustrate some policy conclusions.
2002-09
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/1855/1/ENEPRI_WP13.PDF
Kostoris, Fiorella and Schioppa, Padoa. (2002) Mutual Recognition, Unemployment and the Welfare State. ENEPRI Working Paper No. 13, September 2002. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/1855/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:1964
2011-02-15T22:20:42Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D46:46303035
7375626A656374733D46:46303037
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737077656C666172657374617465
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:65636F6E6F6D696366696E616E6369616C61666661697273:65666166697363616C706F6C696379
74797065733D6F74686572
Welfare Intergenerational Distribution and Households: What does generational accounting tell us? ENEPRI Occasional Paper No. 2, October 2003
Vanne, Reijo
Santor, Nicola
Assarri, Carlo
Cozzolina, Maria
Declich, Carlo
Polin, Veronia
Roveda, Alberto
Seidel, Bernard.
fiscal policy
Finland
welfare state
Germany
Contains three separate chapters: Chapter 1. Generational Accounts, Fiscal Policy and Business Cycles in Finland, 1990-2000, by Reijo Vanne. Chapter 2. Intragenerational Distribution across Families: What do generational accounts tell us?, by Nicola Sartor, Carlo Azzarri, Maria Cozzolino, Carlo Declich, Veronica Polin and Alberto Roveda. Chapter 3. Family Burdens and the Transfer/Tax System in Germany, by Bernhard Seidel.
2003-10
Other
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/1964/1/ENEPRI_OP2.pdf
Vanne, Reijo and Santor, Nicola and Assarri, Carlo and Cozzolina, Maria and Declich, Carlo and Polin, Veronia and Roveda, Alberto and Seidel, Bernard. (2003) Welfare Intergenerational Distribution and Households: What does generational accounting tell us? ENEPRI Occasional Paper No. 2, October 2003. UNSPECIFIED.
http://aei.pitt.edu/1964/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:1990
2011-02-15T22:20:47Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:443030316C61776C6567616C61666661697273
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303339:74706A6861706A63636D67656E6572616C
7375626A656374733D44:44303033:44303033303032
7375626A656374733D46:46303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:73706469736372696D696E6174696F6E6D696E6F726974696573
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303032
74797065733D706F6C6963797061706572
The Application of Justice and Home Affairs and the Position of Minorities: The Case of Hungary. CEPS Policy Brief No. 18, March 2002
Tóth, Judit.
common foreign & security policy 1993--European Global Strategy
discrimination/minorities
general
enlargement
law & legal affairs-general (includes international law)
Hungary
[From the Introduction]. Minority Issues from the EU Perspective When one considers the substance of European Union (EU) official documents in a simplified way, national and ethnical minorities may appear in three contexts. The first belongs to external relations (common foreign and security policy), which cover minorities as a matter of human rights in third countries. These documents call upon the (third) countries concerned to respect human rights and international and European standards on minorities’ rights that are also endorsed by the EU. In this regard, the legislation being developed in view of a common European migration policy contains provisions about the respect of minority rights in order to prevent further migration waves. The second context relates to the integration of lawfully residing nationals of third countries taking into consideration the cultural and historical ties of these communities with the member states. Migrants, or diasporas, from third countries are expected to integrate or return and potential migrants to stay in their countries as it has been defined by the Justice and Home Affairs (JHA) objectives. Lastly, the evolving principle of non-discrimination has been developed in various fields of Community law by prohibiting unequal treatment on racial grounds. The provisions concerning the prohibition of discrimination in Europe have been inserted in Article 13 of the EC Treaty. Due to recent developments, it has been gradually changed, as the Charter of Fundamental Rights may extend the ban on discrimination, (Art. 21 of the Charter), on the basis of membership of a national minority, regardless to citizenship. Moreover, the Tampere Council Conclusions have declared the aim to increase the efforts on social, economic and family integration of diasporas or ethnic minorities residing legally on (the) EU territory regardless of nationality.
2002-03
Policy Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/1990/1/PB18.pdf
Tóth, Judit. (2002) The Application of Justice and Home Affairs and the Position of Minorities: The Case of Hungary. CEPS Policy Brief No. 18, March 2002. [Policy Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/1990/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2011
2011-02-15T22:20:52Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:443030316C61776C6567616C61666661697273
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:706F6C69746963616C6166666169727331323334:70616666676F7665726E616E6365
7375626A656374733D41:41303239
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
Neues Regieren und Soziales Europa: EU-Mindestregulierung und Soft Law in der Praxis = New Governance and Social Europe: EU Minimum Regulation and Soft Law in Practice. IHS Political Science Series: No. 98, September 2004
Falkner, Gerda.
governance: EU & national level
law & legal affairs-general (includes international law)
general
integration theory (see also researching and writing the EU in this section)
What is the effect of EU social policy in the member states? This question concerns material issues (how good is the quality of social rights and standards?) as much as procedural aspects (how is EU social policy implemented and who participates in the process?). It was the aim of a research group at the Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies in Cologne to answer these questions on the basis of fresh empirical data, in order to contribute to theory -building in political science and to generate insights of practical use at the same time. This article firstly gives an overview of the research questions and results of this research group. Secondly, it offers information on the research design applied to generate these findings which are not only innovative but also highly relevant politically.
2004-09
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2011/1/pw_98.pdf
Falkner, Gerda. (2004) Neues Regieren und Soziales Europa: EU-Mindestregulierung und Soft Law in der Praxis = New Governance and Social Europe: EU Minimum Regulation and Soft Law in Practice. IHS Political Science Series: No. 98, September 2004. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/2011/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2012
2011-02-15T22:20:52Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303033:44303033303033
7375626A656374733D44:44303033:436F6E7374346575726F7065
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737077656C666172657374617465
74797065733D776F726B696E677061706572
Der EU-Verfassungsvertrag und die Zukunft des Wohlfahrtsstaates in Europa = The EU Constitutional Treaty and the Future of the Welfare State in Europe. EU-ISS Political Science Series: No. 99, October 2004
Treib, Oliver.
Constitution for Europe
welfare state
European Convention
The welfare states in Europe are confronted with a twofold challenge. Both internal changes such as the ageing of our societies and external developments such as globalisation and European economic integration are threatening the viability of many welfare state policies. What can the European Union do to support domestic welfare states in coping with these challenges? The paper first provides an overview of the historical evolution of EU social policy and its current state of affairs. Then, it presents the innovations in the areas of social policy introduced by the EU’s constitutional treaty and discusses their likely effects. The new provisions may be used to loosen the tight grip of the EU’s internal market rules on domestic welfare states, and they offer ample opportunities for the ECJ to further the development of supranational social regulation by case law. In order to explain these outcomes, the paper analyses the controversial debates in the European Convention, revealing that the cleavages within the Convention ran along national but also to a significant degree along party political lines.
2004-10
Working Paper
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2012/1/pw_99.pdf
Treib, Oliver. (2004) Der EU-Verfassungsvertrag und die Zukunft des Wohlfahrtsstaates in Europa = The EU Constitutional Treaty and the Future of the Welfare State in Europe. EU-ISS Political Science Series: No. 99, October 2004. [Working Paper]
http://aei.pitt.edu/2012/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2042
2011-02-15T22:20:58Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:443030316C61776C6567616C61666661697273
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E646572706F6C696379
7375626A656374733D46:46303037
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:65636F6E6F6D696366696E616E6369616C61666661697273:656661454D55454D536575726F
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737077656C666172657374617465
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:6575726F7065616E69736174696F6E6575726F7065616E697A6174696F6E6E6174696F6E616C6964656E74697479
7375626A656374733D46:46303135
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"European integration and pension policy in the Netherlands and Germany"
Anderson, Karen.
europeanisation/europeanization & European identity
welfare state
law & legal affairs-general (includes international law)
Netherlands
Germany
EMU/EMS/euro
gender policy/equal opportunity
This paper investigates the impact of European integration on pension arrangements in two member states, the Netherlands and Germany. I examine the impact of three types of EU pressures on pension politics: EU gender equality law; the EMU convergence requirements concerning budget deficits and public debt; and increased discipline wages, including pension costs, because of the internal market. In order to identify and conceptualize the domestic-level processes that translate EU pressures into domestic policy change, this paper draws on recent work that emphasizes the relationship between EU incentives/standards and existing domestic policies, as well as the structure of domestic institutions. Thus, the paper attempts to join arguments about EU adaptation pressures with the existing literature concerning welfare state change in order to identify the conditions under which Europeanization is likely to lead to domestic pension policy change. I treat Europeanization as a pressure that is broadly similar in its domestic political effects to other pressures for pension policy change, such as population aging, demographic change, changes in employment patterns, and general economic austerity. Domestic actors’ responses to European pressures thus involve political bargaining about the distribution of the costs and benefits of adjustment. This political bargaining, or the pension-political game, is shaped by actor interests and the institutional context of pension policy decision-making.
2001
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2042/1/002230_1.PDF
Anderson, Karen. (2001) "European integration and pension policy in the Netherlands and Germany". In: UNSPECIFIED, Madison, Wisconsin. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2042/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2063
2011-02-15T22:21:04Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303138:656C6D696E647573747269616C6C61626F757272656C6174696F6E73
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303138:656C6D656D706C6F796D656E74756E656D706C6F796D656E74
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"The European marches against unemployment, insecurity and exclusion"
Chabanet, Didier.
employment/unemployment
general
industrial/labour relations
Amsterdam, 14 June 1997. During the European summit, almost 50,000 people march along the roads of the city. For the first time, the movement of the 'European Marches Against Unemployment, Insecurity and Exclusion' demonstrates its capacity for mobilisation. The media impact is significant. The event is even more remarkable for the fact that the demonstrators come from a large number of European Union (EU) countries. For more than two months, small groups of permanent marchers had, in fact crisscrossed Europe, stopping off in many towns and finally converging on The Netherlands and calling for the demonstration. This was not a once-off event. On the third and fourth of June 1999, this time on the occasion of the European summit in Cologne, the Marches also took place, gathering some 30,000 people. Without attracting as much attention, over the last three years, other less important Marches have been organised from-and between-several towns most particularly in France, Germany and Belgium. In general, the protests hinge upon the denouncement of the worsening of social inequalities, the necessity to guarantee and improve rights for those deprived of job security and the unemployed with more general claims essentially concerning the reduction of the working week to thirty-five in the EU.
2001
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2063/1/001593_1.PDF
Chabanet, Didier. (2001) "The European marches against unemployment, insecurity and exclusion". In: UNSPECIFIED, Madison, Wisconsin. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2063/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2064
2011-02-15T22:21:04Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E646572706F6C696379
7375626A656374733D46:46303036
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303138:656C6D696E647573747269616C6C61626F757272656C6174696F6E73
7375626A656374733D46:46303236
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Workplace gender equality and European Union neo-liberalism
Charet, Linda S.
U.K.
France
industrial/labour relations
general
gender policy/equal opportunity
The issue of the relation between economic and social issues has always been at least implicit in the process of European integration. Lately, particularly with respect to gender equality, the social dimension is becoming increasingly unavoidable as the apparent limits of economic programs and even the supporting legal structures prove inadequate to redress gender inequalities with spill out of the workplace and into the home and private lives of European Union citizens. The dynamic of workplace gender equality necessarily exerts a humanizing and market regulating effect. Focusing on Britain and France, the paper briefly reviews and analyzes the development of equal pay law and changes in pay differentials. The work presented here is preliminary.
2001
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2064/1/001594_1.pdf
Charet, Linda S. (2001) "Workplace gender equality and European Union neo-liberalism. In: UNSPECIFIED, Madison, Wisconsin. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2064/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2073
2011-02-15T22:21:06Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737077656C666172657374617465
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Pension reforms at European level: Actors, discourses and outcomes"
De La Porte, Caroline
Pochet, Philippe.
welfare state
The question that we would like to address in this paper is why an area so nationally embedded as pensions now (since 1999) appears to be one of the key issues on the European social agenda. The hypothesis in this paper is that it is not a dynamic that emanates from the social domain, but instead, from the economic area. It is not a classical spillover effect, but a struggle to control this field that has just entered the European arena. The inter-linked debates on the reform of pension systems within the European arena have, on the one hand, led to a broad and shared consensus between the social and economic actors on the necessity of having a "three pillar system", inspired by the World Bank's approach to pensions. On the other hand, besides this very general consensus, the key question is how to consider pension reform; in other words, how to define the challenges and to formulate solutions at a European level. The ECOFIN Ministers would like to restrict the scope to financial sustainability, while the Social Council is trying to agree upon and to develop a broader definition, encompassing intergenerational solidarity.
2001
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2073/1/001599.PDF
De La Porte, Caroline and Pochet, Philippe. (2001) "Pension reforms at European level: Actors, discourses and outcomes". In: UNSPECIFIED, Madison, Wisconsin. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2073/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2082
2011-02-15T22:21:09Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303230
7375626A656374733D45:45303037
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:65636F6E6F6D696366696E616E6369616C61666661697273:65666153696E676C654D61726B6574:65666153696E676C654D61726B657473686F
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:696E7465726E6174696F6E616C7472616465
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737077656C666172657374617465
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Trade, standards, and regional integration"
Faber, Gerrit
Roelfsema, Hein.
GATT/WTO
harmonisation/standards/mutual recognition
regionalism, international
welfare state
international trade
In this paper we argue that countries have strong incentives to harmonize policies more quickly in regional agreements than they do in a multilateral setting. The set up of this paper is as follows. First, in section 2 we discuss the role of standards in international trade negotiations in the GATT/WTO. Section 3 reviews the way the EC has achieved a high degree of harmonization of standards. In section 4 we discuss economic theories that indicate under which circumstances countries will be able to improve their social welfare by concluding a Standardization Union. Subsequently, we introduce the role of various political actors by introducing theories of regulatory blocs like the EU are the subject of section 5. Conclusions of the paper are presented in section 6.
2001
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2082/1/002100_1.pdf
Faber, Gerrit and Roelfsema, Hein. (2001) "Trade, standards, and regional integration". In: UNSPECIFIED, Madison, Wisconsin. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2082/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2097
2011-02-15T22:21:13Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:706F6C69746963616C6166666169727331323334:70616666676F7665726E616E6365
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737077656C666172657374617465
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"The impact of Europe: The (once) unlikely case of old age pensions"
Haverland, Markus.
governance: EU & national level
welfare state
The paper ties into the debate on the impact of the European Union on national policies. It focuses on the relatively under-explored sector of old age income security. Four developments are analysed: (1) from public to private pensions, (2) from unfunded to funded pensions, (3) from defined benefit to defined contributions, and (4) from 'draconian' regulation to 'prudent men' regulation. Based on a preliminary analysis I argue that these current trends in old-age income security sector are at least partly shaped by European integration, sometimes in conjunction with economic and financial internationalisation. I also claim that the current developments may result in more EU influence in the future.
2001
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2097/1/002238_1.PDF
Haverland, Markus. (2001) "The impact of Europe: The (once) unlikely case of old age pensions". In: UNSPECIFIED, Madison, Wisconsin. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2097/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2098
2011-02-15T22:21:14Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D46:46303037
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737077656C666172657374617465
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:6575726F7065616E69736174696F6E6575726F7065616E697A6174696F6E6E6174696F6E616C6964656E74697479
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Competitive Euro-liberalism and the reform of the German pension system"
Hering, Martin.
europeanisation/europeanization & European identity
welfare state
Germany
This paper provides an integrated explanation of institutional stability and change in the German pension system. The main explanatory variable is European integration, more specifically the new European institutional framework that has emerged in the context of the single market and monetary union. The argument is, first, that the paradigm of "competitive Euro-liberalism" has been extended from economic policy to pension policy, and second, that EU-level institutions have shaped the ideas and interests of German governments. German governments have come to view the pension system as an important instrument for generating growth and employment. After the mid-1990s, they have formed a preference for fundamental institutional change that contrasts sharply with their previous commitment to preserve the existing arrangements even in the face of strong socioeconomic pressures. As a result of changing ideas and interests about the role of the pension system, the government withdrew the policy-making autonomy delegated to the German pension network, which had dominated pension policy until the mid-1990s. Due to imperfect unity the pension network was no longer able to form a strong "veto network." It lost its capability to defend its autonomy and thus was unable to guarantee the stability of the German pension system.
2001
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2098/1/002112.PDF
Hering, Martin. (2001) "Competitive Euro-liberalism and the reform of the German pension system". In: UNSPECIFIED, Madison, Wisconsin. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2098/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2108
2011-02-15T22:21:16Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:706F6C69746963616C6166666169727331323334:70616666676F7665726E616E6365
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303138:656C6D656D706C6F796D656E74756E656D706C6F796D656E74
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303436
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"The diffusion thesis? EU governance in the social policy field"
Johnson, Ailish.
governance: EU & national level
public health policy (including global activities)
employment/unemployment
general
The paper examines EU governance in the social policy field, in particular the following sub-issue areas: health and safety policy, the social dialogue process, and the European Employment Pact. The quality of governance in these sub-issue areas is assessed using the indicators suggested by Wolfgang Wessels' fusion thesis: binding outputs, institutional growth, procedural differentiation, the presence of intermediary groups, and the transfer of competencies. This paper suggests that the fusion thesis needs to be complemented by further indicators in order to assess the quality of governance ... different levels of both fusion and diffusion exist in the sub-issue areas of social policy. Health and safety policy has a high degree of fusion, but recent framework directives illustrate that diffusion may be much lower than might be expected. The social dialogue exhibits high levels of both fusion and diffusion, but only along narrow, issue-specific bands. The EEP possesses low levels of fusion but high levels of diffusion. EU governance in the social policy field indicates that integration cannot be captured by measuring binding outputs, or even by the proliferation of actors and institutions at the EU level, but must be accompanied by an assessment of normative indicators and their application in member states.
2001
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2108/1/002240_1.PDF
Johnson, Ailish. (2001) "The diffusion thesis? EU governance in the social policy field". In: UNSPECIFIED, Madison, Wisconsin. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2108/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2109
2011-02-15T22:21:16Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:65636F6E6F6D696366696E616E6369616C61666661697273:656661454D55454D536575726F
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737077656C666172657374617465
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:676C6F62616C69736174696F6E676C6F62616C697A6174696F6E
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"European monetary union as a response to globalization"
Jones, Erik.
welfare state
globalisation/globalization
EMU/EMS/euro
The argument in this chapter is that formation of EMU is about restructuring the financial architecture of Europe in order to enhance-rather than simply diminish-national autonomy. By implication, EMU functions-at least in part-to shore up and insulate Europe's member states during a period of necessary adjustment. The need for adjustment derives from the growing requirement for flexibility in the allocation of economic and political resources. Such flexibility is necessary for market actors and state agents to meet a range of objectives in the provision of goods and services, private and public ... [t]his argument is developed in five sections. The first section makes the broad claim that Europe's economic and monetary union effectively reconstitutes the compromise of embedded liberalism at the regional (European) level. The second focuses on the relationship between capital market integration and the development of greater flexibility in the current account. The third places current account flexibility against the background of broader strategies for macro-economic management. The fourth draws attention to the associated problems of volatility and risk when capital markets are integrated but currencies are not. The fifth section concludes by returning to the problem of reforming the welfare state.
2001
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2109/1/002241_1.PDF
Jones, Erik. (2001) "European monetary union as a response to globalization". In: UNSPECIFIED, Madison, Wisconsin. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2109/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2124
2011-02-15T22:21:20Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E646572706F6C696379
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:69646F7067:69646F7067646D706D
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:44303035303135
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Promoting gender balanced decision-making in the European Union: International and transnational strategies for parity democracy"
Krook, Mona Lena.
European Parliament
gender policy/equal opportunity
decision making/policy-making
In this paper I aim to address a number of gaps in the current literature on women's political representation. First, I present a genealogy of international efforts to target "decision-making" as a policy area crucial to promoting substantive equality between women and men. While I signal the vital role of two UN documents-the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women from 1979 and the Platform for Action adopted at the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing from 1995-in placing "women in decision-making" on the international political agenda, I stress how actions in Western Europe have further developed the normative principles and the practical strategies necessary for effecting changes in patterns of representation ... I next discuss the shift in feminist strategy that I argue lies behind the sudden international concern with gender balanced decision-making. I trace the evolution of feminist attitudes towards politics, which I link to changing interpretations about the source of inequalities based on gender, and I note how women's activists have developed a new normative argument calling for "parity democracy" which has proven to be quite effective in bridging differences among women across the political spectrum. In the final section, I then catalogue the various practical strategies employed by the European Union to increase women's representation in the European Parliament and, by extension, in national and local assemblies.
2001
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2124/1/002182.PDF
Krook, Mona Lena. (2001) "Promoting gender balanced decision-making in the European Union: International and transnational strategies for parity democracy". In: UNSPECIFIED, Madison, Wisconsin. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2124/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2130
2011-02-15T22:21:21Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:706F6C69746963616C6166666169727331323334:70616666676F7665726E616E6365
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E646572706F6C696379
7375626A656374733D46:46303036
7375626A656374733D45:45303031
7375626A656374733D41:41303239
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Framing women's rights and gender policies in Europe: The Council of Europe and the construction of parity"
Lovecy, Jill.
governance: EU & national level
France
integration theory (see also researching and writing the EU in this section)
Council of Europe
gender policy/equal opportunity
This paper explores issues of policy framing in an era of multi-level governance, focusing on what is an underresearched arena at the European level: the Council of Europe. Adopting a primarily historical institutional approach, it investigates the processes through which the politics of presence came to be constructed in terms of "parity-democracy" and women's democratic citizenship rights through the Council of Europe in the late 1980s and 1990s and notes the usages which have subsequently been made of this claim to parity in France and within the governance arena of the EU.
2001
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2130/1/002185_1.PDF
Lovecy, Jill. (2001) "Framing women's rights and gender policies in Europe: The Council of Europe and the construction of parity". In: UNSPECIFIED, Madison, Wisconsin. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2130/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2160
2011-02-15T22:21:29Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E646572706F6C696379
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303033
7375626A656374733D46:46303036
7375626A656374733D46:46303037
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Europeanizing patriarchy: The EU's Common Agricultural Policy"
Prugl, Elisabeth.
France
Germany
agriculture policy
gender policy/equal opportunity
This paper starts from the presumption that gender politics in European agriculture are part of a larger process of patriarchal rule operating at the level of the European Union. It probes how and why the family farm came to be the unquestioned anchor of the EU's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), and how the commitment to the family farm contributes to a European formation of patriarchy. I first provide an overview of the changing social organization of farming in Europe. Second, I probe the meanings that the family farm assumed in national discourses and the rhetorical purposes for which it was deployed. I focus my treatment on debates in the 1950s and 60s in the two countries which have been instrumental in formulating the CAP, namely Germany and France. In a final step, I argue that a confluence of ambiguous meanings in national discourses on family farming made for easy agreement at the international level, which affirming concordance about the legitimacy of patriarchal family farms within an EEC network of elites.
2001
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2160/1/002689_1.pdf
Prugl, Elisabeth. (2001) "Europeanizing patriarchy: The EU's Common Agricultural Policy". In: UNSPECIFIED. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2160/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2162
2011-02-15T22:21:30Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D46:46303239
7375626A656374733D44:44303033:44303033303032
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:73706469736372696D696E6174696F6E6D696E6F726974696573
7375626A656374733D46:46303139
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"European Union policymaking in candidate states: Legislating minority rights in the Czech Republic and Romania"
Ram, Melanie H.
Romania
discrimination/minorities
Czech Republic
enlargement
In the following pages, I will assess if and how the EU has generated the protection of minority rights in candidate states, using the Czech Republic and Romania as case studies. Based on interviews, press reports, government statements, and public records, I examine the EU impact on the development of institutions, the context of legislation, the timing of reforms, and the process and character of domestic debate. Focusing on the citizenship law and the Roma in the Czech Republic and language legislation and ethnic Hungarians in Romania, I consider two of the issues that have raised the most controversy in these countries. If analogous EU requirements and expectations have similarly affected the domestic reform processes of two diverse candidate states in the field of minority rights, results should have broad application to less contentious issues and to other CEE countries with Europe Agreements. Moreover, the findings may have implications for other countries that hope to join the EU and possibly for other regions with strong regional organizations.
2001
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2162/1/002688_1.pdf
Ram, Melanie H. (2001) "European Union policymaking in candidate states: Legislating minority rights in the Czech Republic and Romania". In: UNSPECIFIED, Madison, Wisconsin. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2162/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2177
2011-02-15T22:21:31Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:69646F7067:69646F7067646D706D
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"The theory and policy of an EU social federation: Towards laboratory federalism"
Schelkle, Waltraud.
general
decision making/policy-making
The EU has become a loose kind of social federation. Yet the political support for a distinct social policy agenda of the EU remains doubtful. This paper re-examines the cases both for concerted efforts in social policy and for the EU level to play an indispensable role. A theory and policy of "laboratory federalism" is suggested that takes into account that the EU has yet to build consensus as regards its role in social policy matters. The corresponding method of social policy coordination, laboratory standardization, is contrasted to the Open method of Coordination adopted at the Nice Summit.
2001
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2177/1/002684_1.PDF
Schelkle, Waltraud. (2001) "The theory and policy of an EU social federation: Towards laboratory federalism". In: UNSPECIFIED, Madison, Wisconsin. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2177/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2179
2011-02-15T22:21:32Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D46:46303036
7375626A656374733D46:46303037
7375626A656374733D46:46303031
7375626A656374733D46:46303234
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737077656C666172657374617465
7375626A656374733D46:46303131
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Pension reform in European social insurance countries"
Schludi, Martin.
Italy
France
welfare state
Germany
Sweden
Austria
This paper analyzes national processes of pension reform in various European welfare states. The countries under study (Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Sweden) not only face similar fiscal, demographic and competitive pressures since the early 1990s, but are also characterized by broadly similar pension arrangements. Being from the defined benefit/pay-as-you-go type, mainly financed through wage-based social contributions, pension systems in these countries reveal a high vulnerability to changes in demographic and employment structures. Generally, I argue, that European integration has exerted only marginal influence on national pension policies. Moreover, the impact of European integration does not explain cross-country variance in pension reform outcomes: While we observe substantial similarities in the direction of reform, the degree of policy change varies considerable even among countries with similar pension policy profiles. By the same token, the failure of several pension reforms in European welfare states suggests, that the presence of the EMU convergence criteria and increased economic internationalization was by no means a sufficient condition for the successful implementation of pension reforms. Thus, only a closer inspection of national decision making processes does allow for an explanation of different pension reform outcomes. The political feasibility of a substantial pension reform critically depends on the government's ability to orchestrate a reform consensus either among the major political parties on both sides of the political center or between the government and the trade unions. The capacity of governments to take concerted action in pension reform is again largely a result of the strategic interactions taking place between these actors.
2001
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2179/1/002682_1.pdf
Schludi, Martin. (2001) "Pension reform in European social insurance countries". In: UNSPECIFIED, Madison, Wisconsin. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2179/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2183
2011-02-15T22:21:33Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D46:46303037
7375626A656374733D46:46303236
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:73706469736372696D696E6174696F6E6D696E6F726974696573
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Hate, hate groups and hate crimes: Fighting xenophobia in the European Union"
Shaw, Kelly B.
Kibitlewski, Joseph.
U.K.
discrimination/minorities
Germany
This paper investigates the rising occurrences, sources, and potential solutions to hate crimes and hate activities as they relate to the European Union. It begins with an examination of the problem, identifying the sources of hate crimes in the EU by focusing on variables such as ethnicity, religion, and race. Once the reader is familiar with the causes and motivations of hate, and the concomitant social aspects and stigmas that accompany hate, we move on to examine intergovernmental cooperation between EU institutions on the one-hand, and nationstate law enforcement agencies on the other. Here, case studies from the United Kingdom and Germany are utilized to analyze "best practices" that have arisen from this member state-EU interaction. This case-study portion is based largely upon interviews conducted in Europe during the summer of 2000. This paper concludes by suggesting a new-and potentially controversial-direction that the EU and its member states might take in order to reduce the number of hate crimes that occur in the European Union.
2001
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2183/1/002256_1.PDF
Shaw, Kelly B. and Kibitlewski, Joseph. (2001) "Hate, hate groups and hate crimes: Fighting xenophobia in the European Union". In: UNSPECIFIED, Madison, Wisconsin. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2183/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2194
2011-02-15T22:21:37Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D46:46303037
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:73706469736372696D696E6174696F6E6D696E6F726974696573
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Strategies of cultural survival: The influence of European minority rights"
Toivanen, Reetta.
discrimination/minorities
Germany
Cultural minorities are in growing numbers making rights claims in national and international fora. This paper is poring over the aspects of identity that are used to justify such claims. I will ask what kind of identities can "survive". How must a group formulate its identity claim in order to have access to "cultural survival"? Working with Sami people who form the only European indigenous group, and with the Sorbian minority in Eastern Germany, I realized that international minority rights are not only protecting minorities form state oppression. These rights also define and co-determine which identity claims are possible. This paper focuses on the question posed by minority activists: How can my people survive? My research points out that the activists tend to look for answers in a nationalistic, ethnic-oriented discourse that idealizes homogeneity and authenticity of nations. The activists explain their internal nationalization policies with arguments which are coherent with international minority law: Only the groups that can prove that they have one common language, one descent, one set of tradition etc. as signs of one "collective" identity are recognized by international law as real minority groups. This paper concludes that if the minority elite wants to claim rights, there seems to be no other alternative for them as to try to nationalize at least the public outlook of their minority.
2001
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2194/1/002670_1.pdf
Toivanen, Reetta. (2001) "Strategies of cultural survival: The influence of European minority rights". In: UNSPECIFIED, Madison, Wisconsin. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2194/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2204
2011-02-15T22:21:41Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:73706469736372696D696E6174696F6E6D696E6F726974696573
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:443030316C61776C6567616C61666661697273:443030316C61776C6567616C61666661697273636F6D706E6174696D70
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"To circumvent or implement: Prospects for the future development of a European Union anti- race discrimination policy"
Wallace, Adrienne.
discrimination/minorities
compliance/national implementation
The following analysis focuses on the prospects for implementation of the first directive (racial and ethnic discrimination) with a particular emphasis on issues related to the legal position of third country nationals, who, although specifically addressed in the directive are at the same time subject to vague exception, conditions, and caveats ... The goal of the first section is to show how policy issues were gradually being redefined and renegotiated across borders and levels of government over a fifteen year period beginning in 1985. The goal of the second section is to employ the empirical examination of the first section to analyze the post-Amsterdam policy jam at the intersection of race, nationality, and citizenship. I'll conclude by speculating, in light of this analysis, on prospects for effective implementation of the new anti-race discrimination directive (deadline, July 2003).
2001
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2204/1/002662_1.pdf
Wallace, Adrienne. (2001) "To circumvent or implement: Prospects for the future development of a European Union anti- race discrimination policy". In: UNSPECIFIED, Madison, Wisconsin. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2204/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2222
2011-02-15T22:21:46Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:443030316C61776C6567616C61666661697273
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032303039
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303138:656C6D656D706C6F796D656E74756E656D706C6F796D656E74
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
“Social Dumping Revisited: Some Lessons from Delaware?”
Barnard, Catherine.
EU-US
employment/unemployment
law & legal affairs-general (includes international law)
general
In this article I intend to examine the application of the competing theories of interjurisdictional competition to Delaware corporation law and consider the lessons that they may provide for the adoption of European Community legislation. I intend to take social policy as my case study, although similar arguments may apply in the context of monetary dumping (competitive devaluation), and fiscal dumping (distortionary subsidies to industry) [Padraig Flynn 1997]. Social policy is the area where concerns about race to the bottom have been most clearly articulated and there are inevitable overlaps between employment law and company law-as the worker participation debate in the context of the draft Fifth Company Directive and the European Company Statute makes clear. I intend to argue that despite the perception that a race to the bottom is occurring in the EU, there is little evidence of it in practice, although it does represent a useful bargaining tool for employers and Member States. I will then consider why a theory with such resonance in Delaware might not accurately represent the position in the EU.
1999
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2222/1/002651_1.pdf
Barnard, Catherine. (1999) “Social Dumping Revisited: Some Lessons from Delaware?”. In: UNSPECIFIED, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2222/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2238
2011-02-15T22:21:50Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D46:46303036
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:706F6C69746963616C6166666169727331323334:70616666676F7665726E616E6365:70616666676F7665726E616E63657375626E6174696F6E616C726567696F6E616C2F7465727269746F7269616C
7375626A656374733D46:46303236
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:706F6C69746963616C6166666169727331323334:70616666707569657075
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:6575726F7065616E69736174696F6E6575726F7065616E697A6174696F6E6E6174696F6E616C6964656E74697479
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303038
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303330
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
“Implementing Unity: Economic and Social Cohesion in France and Britain: Two Case Studies”
Carmichael, Laurence.
regional policy/structural funds
europeanisation/europeanization & European identity
cohesion policy
France
political union & integration/European Political Union
general
subnational/regional/territorial
U.K.
Territorial implementation of EU policies is a crucial stage of EU policy process. Its examination uncovers two main dimensions of the integration cycle which make the new EU governance: Europeanisation and convergence. Each dimension offers clues as to the nature and limit of integration. This paper presents two case studies in which the above approach is tested. It examines the impact of EU structural policy on two training networks in France and the UK. It evaluates the impact of ESF on politico-administrative structures and defines domestic factors preventing policy harmonisation. The conclusion outlines bottom-up dynamics, the third major dimension of integration, and argues for a development of a more integrated EU approach to training.
1999
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2238/1/002646_1.pdf
Carmichael, Laurence. (1999) “Implementing Unity: Economic and Social Cohesion in France and Britain: Two Case Studies”. In: UNSPECIFIED, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2238/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2250
2011-02-15T22:21:54Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D41:414E474F73
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:6C6F626279696E67696E746572657374726570726573656E746174696F6E
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
“Pan-European Non-Governmental Organizations: European Union Sponsored Mobilization and Activism for Social Rights”
Cullen, Pauline P.
general
lobbying/interest representation
NGOs
European debates on the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) increasingly recognize the growing importance of the third sector not merely in a service provision, but also in the creation of employment and the empowerment of marginalized social groups. European Union (EU) policy discussion often stresses the need to foster citizen involvement through greater consultation with transnational NGOs. As a consequence, social welfare NGOs have reoriented their domestic and international strategies in strengthening EU-side umbrella organizations and establishing lobbying offices in Brussels. Drawing from research in the areas of social movements (Marks and McAdam 1996; Tarrow 1997), voluntary organizations (Young 1992; Salamon and Aneheier 1996) and EU governance and interests (Mazey and Richardson 1993; Richardson 1996; Wallace and Young 1997; Greenwood and Aspinwall 1998), this paper contributes to an understanding of how transnational NGO coalitions are mobilizing in unlikely partnerships, and how intergovernmental forums such as the EU are becoming the focus for the financial support, legal consolidation and political activism of the European NGO sector.
1999
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2250/1/002640.PDF
Cullen, Pauline P. (1999) “Pan-European Non-Governmental Organizations: European Union Sponsored Mobilization and Activism for Social Rights”. In: UNSPECIFIED, Pittsburgh, PA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2250/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2254
2011-02-15T22:21:55Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303439
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:706F6C69746963616C6166666169727331323334:70616666676F7665726E616E6365
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303230
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303332
7375626A656374733D46:46303236
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737077656C666172657374617465
7375626A656374733D46:46303135
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Environmental Affairs and European Integration: Comparative Analysis of Changing National Policy Arrangements"
de Bruijn, Theo.
governance: EU & national level
U.K.
rtd (RTD) policy/European Research Area
education policy/vocational training
welfare state
Netherlands
environmental policy (including international arena)
The central aim of our research is to determine whether national arrangements on environmental affairs within the European Union are converging and furthermore to explain this process. The project is part of a larger research program called "National Sovereignty and International Dependency" of the University of Twente in the Netherlands. In this program the changes in the political setting of governments in Western Europe are analyzed from institutional approaches that have been developed recently in social sciences, most notably in economics, sociology and political science. The aim is to further clarify the process of change. The program comprehends analyses of four policy areas: higher education, social security, research and development, and environmental affairs. In this paper we report on first results of our research. We start with elaborating on our research model (section 2). Then we describe recent developments within European environmental policy (section 3). In sections 4 and 5 we illustrate some developments by describing the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. We end with some concluding remarks (section 6).
1999
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2254/1/002639.PDF
de Bruijn, Theo. (1999) "Environmental Affairs and European Integration: Comparative Analysis of Changing National Policy Arrangements". In: UNSPECIFIED, Pittsburgh, PA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2254/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2263
2011-02-15T22:21:57Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:73706469736372696D696E6174696F6E6D696E6F726974696573
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
“The Domestication of Equality: Gays, Lesbians and EU ‘Family’ Rights”
Elman, R. Amy.
discrimination/minorities
While feminism sparked the systematic politicization of personal relations that exposed the family as patriarchy’s chief institution, liberalism afforded comforting illusions of exceptionalism that encouraged us to believe that the egalitarian families, which eluded our foremothers, were ours for the making. This paper focuses on those living on the margins of this institution within the European Union and contends that the politics of integration affirms neither the insights of feminists nor the aspirations of liberals with regard to the family, particularly for lesbians and gays.
1999
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2263/1/002350_1.PDF
Elman, R. Amy. (1999) “The Domestication of Equality: Gays, Lesbians and EU ‘Family’ Rights”. In: UNSPECIFIED, Pittsburgh, PA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2263/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2274
2011-02-15T22:22:01Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D41:7265736561726368696E6777726974696E6745554954
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:69646F7067:69646F706768646F63
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
“The State of European Union Social Policy”
Geyer, Robert.
general
historical development of EC (pre-1986)
researching and writing the EU (see also integration theory in this section)
Like the European Union (EU), EU social policy has seen a phenomenal amount of change and development in the 1980s and 1990s. It is startling to think that merely 20 years ago, EU social policy was confined to a few areas of labour, training and health and safety policy, had made only minimal advances in gender policy, and had barely recognized a number of major social groups (elderly, disabled, ethnic minorities, etc.). As the millennium approaches, EU social policy encompasses a wide variety of issue areas and social groups, is supported by a plethora of social policy interest groups, and plays a significant role in the evolution of member-state social regimes. In this paper, I would like to examine the current “state” of EU social policy (inspired by the ECSA’s State of the European Union series) through a brief history of its development, and exploration of its role in European integration theory, and a short summary of its current status. Following this, I will draw four main implications from the history of EU social policy and speculate on its future and the “next wave” of EU social policy research.
1999
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2274/1/002631_1.PDF
Geyer, Robert. (1999) “The State of European Union Social Policy”. In: UNSPECIFIED, Pittsburgh, PA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2274/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2277
2011-02-15T22:22:02Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:69646F7067:69646F7067646D706D
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303138:656C6D696E647573747269616C6C61626F757272656C6174696F6E73
7375626A656374733D41:41303239
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:69646F7067:69646F706767656E6572616C
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
“Of What Use is the New Institutionalism? An Analysis of the Institutionalization of the Social Dialogue”
Gorges, Michael J.
general
general
industrial/labour relations
integration theory (see also researching and writing the EU in this section)
decision making/policy-making
The inclusion in the Treaty on European Union (TEU) of the “social dialogue provisions” giving employer and trade union representatives a privileged role in the elaboration of EU social policy represents a noteworthy change in policy-making procedures in this area. This paper tests new institutionalist hypotheses on institutionalization by applying them to this change. The new institutionalist perspective fails to provide an adequate explanation of institutionalization in general, and of the institutionalization of the social dialogue in particular. By relying on such variables as “critical junctures,” “path dependency,” “leadership” or “the role of ideas,” new institutionalist analyses leave institutions behind and resort to a grab bag of explanations proponents of almost any theoretical perspective could use. One is left wondering what is new and what is institutionalist about new institutionalist explanations for institutional change and institutionalization.
1999
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2277/1/002629_1.PDF
Gorges, Michael J. (1999) “Of What Use is the New Institutionalism? An Analysis of the Institutionalization of the Social Dialogue”. In: UNSPECIFIED, Pittsburgh, PA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2277/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2288
2011-02-15T22:22:05Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D46:46303037
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:4430303170707061
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303339:74706A6861706A63636D696D6D6967726174696F6E706F6C696379
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737077656C666172657374617465
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
“The Politics of Social Inclusion: Implementing Refugee and Immigration Policy in the New Germany: A Public Administration and Public Policy Perspective”
Harris, Paul A.
welfare state
Germany
general
immigration policy
public policy/public administration
Both the 1991 Quota Refugee Law as well as the 1993 War Aftermath Compensation Law (henceforth 1993 KfbG) require the prospective immigrant to first submit an application for admission (Aufnahmebescheid) in their home country before legal entry will be approved. As a result of these measures, federal, state and local governments can better organize and coordinate their efforts in refugee and returnee resettlement. Since receipt of social welfare provisions as well as legal residency requirements are tied to this application procedure the government has been able to effect a greater degree of control in regulating the annual flows of Soviet Jews and Ethnic Germans entering the Federal Republic. Both policies lend themselves well to a study of this sort as both policies’ possess comparable policy-administrative attributes which permit closer analysis. Additionally, both are peculiar to the FRG based exclusively upon historical and humanitarian principles.
1999
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2288/1/002339_1.PDF
Harris, Paul A. (1999) “The Politics of Social Inclusion: Implementing Refugee and Immigration Policy in the New Germany: A Public Administration and Public Policy Perspective”. In: UNSPECIFIED, Pittsburgh, PA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2288/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2291
2011-02-15T22:22:06Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D46:46303236
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303138:656C6D756E696F6E73
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
“Social Movement or Social Partner? Strategies for the Revitalisation of British Trade Unionism”
Heery, Edmund.
general
U.K.
unions
The vocabulary and assumptions of social partnership and social movement unionism are strikingly different and they can be regarded as alternative choices for revitalising British labour (see Kelly 1996). What is striking, however, is that elements of both are occasionally fused in union policy. The central confederation of British labour, the Trades Union Congress (TUC), for example, has simultaneously sought to develop a ‘culture of organising’ across the British union movement and established an Organising Academy, while it advocates ‘partnership’ in relations with employers and has sought an integrative relationship with the new Labour Government elected in 1997 (Heery 1998). Accordingly, the paper concludes by considering the extent to which partnership and movement are genuine alternatives or whether they may prove mutually compatible and even reinforcing elements within a complex strategy for union renewal.
1999
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2291/1/002618_1.PDF
Heery, Edmund. (1999) “Social Movement or Social Partner? Strategies for the Revitalisation of British Trade Unionism”. In: UNSPECIFIED, Pittsburgh, PA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2291/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2292
2011-02-15T22:22:06Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D46:46303037
7375626A656374733D46:46303031
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:65636F6E6F6D696366696E616E6369616C61666661697273:65636F6E6F6D696366696E616E6369616C6166666169727362706561
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
“Coping with the Single Market: Corporatist Response Strategies in Germany and Austria”
Heinisch, Reinhard.
Germany
general
business/private economic activity
Austria
While Germany is facing the wholesale disorganization of sectoral collective bargaining, the Austrian social partnership has gained new strength in the 1990s. Comparatively, Austro-corporatism proved able to undergo a process of skillful adaptation, despite Austria’s belated entry into the European Union and despite a number of apparent disadvantages and weaknesses of the Austrian economy. This paper explains German-Austrian differences in the performance and resilience of corporatist government in the face of European integration in terms of (i) the organizational differences between German and Austrian corporatism (sectoral concentration versus vertical centralization and little horizontal flexibilization); (ii) the long term policy strategies employed by labor unions in either system (co-determination versus macro-level policy influence); and (iii) by the different responses chosen by corporatist actors in Germany and Austria (internal organizational reforms versus becoming modernization brokers).
1999
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2292/1/002617_1.PDF
Heinisch, Reinhard. (1999) “Coping with the Single Market: Corporatist Response Strategies in Germany and Austria”. In: UNSPECIFIED, Pittsburgh, PA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2292/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2293
2011-02-15T22:22:06Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:69646F7067:69646F706768646F63
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:65636F6E6F6D696366696E616E6369616C61666661697273:65666165636F6E6F6D6963706F6C696379
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737077656C666172657374617465
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Policy Adjustment Under International Constraints: Sequences of Challenges and Responses"
Hemerijck, Anton
Schludi, Martin.
economic policy
welfare state
general
historical development of EC (pre-1986)
Since the early 1970s, the scope for national social and economic policy in advanced industrial societies has been constrained by three consecutive changes in the international political economy. These were: 1) the breakdown of the Bretton Woods currency regime of fixed exchange rates and the first oil price shock of 1973, resulting in the policy dilemma of stagflation; 2) the emergence of a rather restrictive international economic environment, with very high real interest rates, in the wake of the second oil crisis of 1979; leading to a massive surge in unemployment in the majority of the OECD countries, and finally, 3) the further liberalization of capital markets since the mid-1980s, and the creation of a single European market with a single currency ... The focus on this chapter is on the impact of the three challenges in the external economic environment on the advanced welfare states on social and economic policy adjustment pursued in the twelve countries in our sample.
1999
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2293/1/002616.PDF
Hemerijck, Anton and Schludi, Martin. (1999) "Policy Adjustment Under International Constraints: Sequences of Challenges and Responses". In: UNSPECIFIED, Pittsburgh, PA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2293/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2294
2011-02-15T22:22:07Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:443030316C61776C6567616C61666661697273
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303130
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:44303035303132
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
“‘Social Solidarity’: A Buttress Against Internal Market Law?”
Hervey, Tamara K.
law & legal affairs-general (includes international law)
competition policy
general
European Court of Justice/Court of First Instance
The purpose of this paper is to analyse the emergent concept of ‘social solidarity,’ in the context of the jurisprudence of the European Court of Justice and the interplay between national social policy provision and the EU’s internal market and competition law. Recently the Court has begun to deal more explicitly with the potential problems which the supremacy of internal market law, reinforced by individual litigation, may pose for national social welfare systems. The Court has done so through articulating the principle of ‘social solidarity,’ according to which restrictions on internal market law may be justified. The paper will consider whether ‘social solidarity,’ as conceived by the Court, is an effective means of protecting social policy entitlements within the EU’s multi-level system of governance.
1999
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2294/1/002338_1.PDF
Hervey, Tamara K. (1999) “‘Social Solidarity’: A Buttress Against Internal Market Law?”. In: UNSPECIFIED, Pittsburgh, PA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2294/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2301
2011-02-15T22:22:10Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:443030316C61776C6567616C61666661697273
7375626A656374733D41:41303239
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303138:656C6D6C61626F75726C61626F72
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"The Expression of the European Social Model Through the Medium of Labour Law: An ‘Institutionalist’ Account”
Hunt, Jo.
labour/labor
law & legal affairs-general (includes international law)
general
integration theory (see also researching and writing the EU in this section)
This paper identifies the three frames as being in turn (1) social policy as an adjunct of the internal market, contributing to the equalisation of market conditions and the creation of a ‘level playing field’; (2) a ‘strong’ social policy based on social rights and industrial citizenship, and (3) social policy in partnership with economic policy, promoting productivity and competitiveness through its role in the formation of an adaptable and flexible workforce. Section three of this paper will assess the extent to which each frame can be seen to have been ‘institutionalized’ within the Community system. The focus is on the institutionalization of the current dominant frame-one which arguably marks a shift in the social model and which conceives of social policy as an instrument for adaptability and flexibility. Section four will consider the policy implications of the ascendancy of this frame, and the way in which European social model is being now expressed at Community level. Before this, however, a brief introduction to the institutionalist approach will be provided.
1999
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2301/1/002611_1.pdf
Hunt, Jo. (1999) "The Expression of the European Social Model Through the Medium of Labour Law: An ‘Institutionalist’ Account”. In: UNSPECIFIED, Pittsburgh, PA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2301/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2324
2011-02-15T22:22:16Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E646572706F6C696379
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303339:443030313033394575726F7065616E636974697A656E73686970
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
“Who Cares? Gender and Citizenship in the European Union”
MacLachlan, Effie.
European citizenship
gender policy/equal opportunity
Before the potential and promise of a feminist formulation of citizenship based on a theory of care and reproductive activity can be expanded upon, the cluster of meanings that are part of the broader definition of citizenship must be explored. The assertion that citizenship is a contested concept has practically become a truism, which makes it all the more useful to evaluate the various ideological dimensions of its definition. For this purpose Diemut Bubeck’s (1995) discussion of “thin” and “thick” conceptions of citizenship is particularly useful. Defining citizenship as “the meaning of membership in a political community,” Bubeck identifies six separate dimensions along which thinner and thicker conceptions of citizenship fluctuate. Dimensions measure the range across which something extends in one direction or in all directions; thinness and thickness are matters of degree not categorical distinctions. There are two poles/extremes in each dimension of citizenship. If thin and thick are expressive of the contrasting poles of each dimension of citizenship, most conceptions of citizenship are located somewhere between the two poles (1995: 461-462).
1999
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2324/1/002596_1.PDF
MacLachlan, Effie. (1999) “Who Cares? Gender and Citizenship in the European Union”. In: UNSPECIFIED, Pittsburgh, PA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2324/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2333
2011-02-15T22:22:18Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D46:46303036
7375626A656374733D46:46303037
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
“Constructing Europe: Identity and Interests in France and Germany, 1989-99”
Mazzucelli, Colette.
France
Germany
general
The line of inquiry taken in this paper is to apply the concept of “project identity” to assess its relevance to the social construction of Europe. In Castell’s terminology, “project identity” occurs “....when social actors, on the basis of whichever cultural materials are available to them, build a new identity that redefines their position in society and, by so doing, seek the transformation of overall social structure.” This process of constructing project identity relates to Alain Touraine’s discussion of “subjects,” a term that defines the “collective social actor through which individuals reach holistic meaning in their experience.” In this case, constructing identity may be a project which is expansive, transforming society as the prolongation of the project. The construction of identities is a matter of social context. Identity politics “must be situated historically.” Thus, this paper focuses on project identity to explore this concept in a specific context: its interaction with interests defined by France and Germany to construct Europe via significant decisions taken during the last decade.
1999
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2333/1/002591_1.PDF
Mazzucelli, Colette. (1999) “Constructing Europe: Identity and Interests in France and Germany, 1989-99”. In: UNSPECIFIED, Pittsburgh, PA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2333/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2344
2011-02-15T22:22:21Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D46:46303136
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:706F6C69746963616C6166666169727331323334:706166667075626C69636F70696E696F6E
7375626A656374733D46:4E6F7264696361726561
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737077656C666172657374617465
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
“Explaining the Gender Gap: Women, Economic Vulnerability, and Public Attitudes Toward European Integration”
Nelsen, Brent F.
Fraser, Cleveland R.
Guth, James L.
Tillman, Jodie.
Nordic area
welfare state
public opinion
Norway
Do European men and women differ in their attitudes toward European integration? Yes. Using Eurobarometer 42, we demonstrate a consistent difference in attitude toward European integration between women and men across the European Union (EU) and Norway, with women less enthusiastic about the process. How do we explain the gender gap in public attitudes toward integration? Drawing on European welfare state literature and work on women and European integration, particularly in the Nordic countries, we developed an explanatory model that focuses on an individual’s subjective and objective economic vulnerability. We hypothesis that the more economically insecure a respondent is and feels, the less likely he or she will show support for integration. The model we developed includes the following variables: subjective perception of personal and national economic situation, women-friendly nature of the welfare state, education, wealth, social class, number of children, view of traditional gender roles, and age. Using linear regression (OLS) we find perceived economic security to be a powerful predictor of both men’s and women’s attitudes toward integration, but women’s attitudes more so then men’s. Women are also more affected than men by the nature of the welfare state and other objective measures of economic security. Economic uncertainty is the key to understanding women’s skepticism toward integration. A more competitive market and a perceived threat to national welfare states increases anxiety among women and leads to lower levels of support for the process of integration.
1999
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2344/1/002587_1.pdf
Nelsen, Brent F. and Fraser, Cleveland R. and Guth, James L. and Tillman, Jodie. (1999) “Explaining the Gender Gap: Women, Economic Vulnerability, and Public Attitudes Toward European Integration”. In: UNSPECIFIED, Pittsburgh, PA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2344/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2364
2011-02-15T22:22:26Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E646572706F6C696379
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
“EU Equal Opportunities Policy: Towards a Broader Agenda?”
Pollack, Mark A.
gender policy/equal opportunity
In Part I, I explain the various specific, positive actions adopted on behalf of women by the European Union in the 1990s, focusing in particular on the EU’s period Action Programmes; on the debate over “positive discrimination” after the Court of Justice’s Kalanke and Marschall decisions; and on the new actions taken on women’s issues under the EU’s new Justice and Home Affairs Pillar. In Part II, I introduce the concept of gender mainstreaming, and trace its adoption, and the brief record of implementation, in EU policymaking. In Part III, finally, I conclude the paper with a mixed assessment, namely that the EU has proven capable of addressing a broader women’s rights agenda than feminist theorists have generally argued; but also that, at this writing, the majority of actions undertaken in these areas have taken the form of exhortation, modest financial incentives, and soft law, and that the effects of these new actions on ordinary European women are likely to be felt slowly and unevenly across the member states in the years to come.
1999
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2364/1/002579_1.pdf
Pollack, Mark A. (1999) “EU Equal Opportunities Policy: Towards a Broader Agenda?”. In: UNSPECIFIED, Pittsburgh, PA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2364/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2375
2011-02-15T22:22:29Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303138:656C6D6C61626F75726C61626F72
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
“Social Dialogue and European Labour: A New Scale of Governance?”
Sadler, David.
general
labour/labor
Firstly, I argue that there needs to be more explicit consideration given to the links between competing forms of organisation of production, and their differing implications for the constitution of labour regimes in both the workplace and the labour market. This is not to propose that labour strategy can be somehow read off from production process, but that there needs to be a finer grained analysis of the nature of the linkages between the two. Secondly, I suggest that many accounts of European labour market governance have been implicitly normative in character, and as such have tended to assume rather than demonstrate analytically that Europeanisation-the translation to a European scale of issues and debates previously conducted at national scale-is a key aspect of current developments. In contrast, I argue that there needs to be more consideration given to the process of scaling--the ways in which particular labour market governance issues become associated with, and determined at, one geographical scale or another. That is to say, scale is not pre-given, but is itself socially constituted. Thirdly, I review recent work on trade union strategies as seen from geographical perspective.
1999
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2375/1/002534_1.pdf
Sadler, David. (1999) “Social Dialogue and European Labour: A New Scale of Governance?”. In: UNSPECIFIED, Pittsburgh, PA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2375/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2378
2011-02-15T22:22:30Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:44303032696E7465726E6174696F6E616C65636F6E6F6D79
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:69646F7067:69646F706768646F63
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737077656C666172657374617465
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
“Advanced Welfare States in the International Economy: Vulnerabilities and Options”
Scharpf, Fritz W.
international economy
welfare state
historical development of EC (pre-1986)
The capitalist welfare state achieved its full development within the nearly closed national economies of the early postwar decades. After the rampant protectionism following the Great Depression, and after the complete breakdown of world markets in World War II, the restoration of international competition in the markets for industrial goods was a slow process, while agriculture and services remained largely protected, and capital markets tightly controlled in most countries. Behind these protective barriers, economically advanced democracies were finally free to exploit the economic efficiency of dynamic capitalism without having to accept its unequal distributional consequences, and they learned to control the recurrent crises that had been associated with unfettered international capitalism before World War One and, again, in the inter-war period.
1999
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2378/1/002532_1.pdf
Scharpf, Fritz W. (1999) “Advanced Welfare States in the International Economy: Vulnerabilities and Options”. In: UNSPECIFIED, Pittsburgh, PA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2378/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2380
2011-02-15T22:22:31Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737077656C666172657374617465
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
“Politics, Values, and the Power of Discourse in the Reform of the Welfare State”
Schmidt, Vivien A.
welfare state
This paper explores the democratic legitimation of reform of the welfare state by considering how governments actively sought to justify policy change through public discourse, whether by appeals to an existing national value consensus or by selectively emphasizing other values. By focussing on moments of crisis or transition when values are generally made explicit through normative discourse in public debates as opposed to continuing as unquestioned background assumptions embedded in institutional practice, this chapter seeks to offer comparative insights not only into the values that remain central to different polities’ notions of social justice but also into the discourses that appeal to values in their efforts to legitimate policy change. It also considers how the national institutional context and political climate affects the locus of discourse as its effectiveness. Finally, it raises questions about whether there is a new emerging value consensus about the appropriate kinds of policies for a new, less vulnerable, more competitive welfare state in the open economy.
1999
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2380/1/002912_1.PDF
Schmidt, Vivien A. (1999) “Politics, Values, and the Power of Discourse in the Reform of the Welfare State”. In: UNSPECIFIED, Pittsburgh, PA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2380/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2387
2011-02-15T22:22:32Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:443030316C61776C6567616C61666661697273
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E646572706F6C696379
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
“Importing Gender: Feminist Analyses of EU Law”
Shaw, Jo.
law & legal affairs-general (includes international law)
gender policy/equal opportunity
This paper attempts to consider the intersection of gender and EU law. It does so in the context of the endeavour to go “beyond Article 119.” In other words, it looks beyond the most obvious engagement of EU law with the legal status of women (and men) as actors within the market place for labour, which takes the form of a treaty-based and fully legally enforceable guarantee of equal pay for equal work, plus an associated legal framework for equal treatment in other aspects of employment and related matters. That is not to say that the whole realm of sex discrimination law should suddenly be dismissed as unimportant. On the contrary, inevitably the legal regulation of equality and the creation of a regime to guarantee non-discrimination on grounds of sex under the law will feature prominently in any analysis of the gendered nature of EU law. However, the basic proposition from which I start in this paper is that there is a substantial difference between, on the one hand, studying, analysing and presenting a field of law defined by reference to specified legal categories such as ‘non-discrimination’ or ‘the right to equality’ and, on the other hand, beginning an analysis with a non-legal category such as ‘gender.’
1999
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2387/1/002527_1.pdf
Shaw, Jo. (1999) “Importing Gender: Feminist Analyses of EU Law”. In: UNSPECIFIED, Pittsburgh, PA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2387/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2392
2011-02-15T22:22:34Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E646572706F6C696379
7375626A656374733D46:46303136
7375626A656374733D46:46303234
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:69646F7067:69646F706768646F63
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
“Social Policy Convergence in Norway and Sweden: Does EU Membership Matter?”
Sorensen, Kerstin.
general
Sweden
Norway
historical development of EC (pre-1986)
gender policy/equal opportunity
This paper analyzes social policy development in Norway and Sweden, focusing on “women-friendly” (Hernes 1987) public policies such as parental leave and child care. In the past decade, Norway has rapidly been catching up with Sweden (and other Nordic Countries) in these two policy areas. An investigation into Norway’s past ‘exceptionalism,’ and what made Norway turn around in the 1980s, as well as an examination of factors that account for Sweden’s faster development in these policy areas, will shed light on forces for change in welfare state patterns at the end of the twentieth century. The paper also briefly addresses the issue of European Union membership and what effect it may have on future social policy development. While drawing on the mainstream and feminist welfare state literature, as well as country case studies, the study focuses on the influence of women’s agency, or lack thereof, in policy development by examining social mobilization, political agenda setting and legislative outcomes in the two countries. The paper mainly covers the period after the Second World War, although the pre-war period is also briefly examined as this was a crucial time for social policy development. The study concludes that women’s agency, or lack thereof, helps explain the earlier divergence and subsequent convergence of the two countries in public child care provisions and parental leave policies. Although it is too early to know what the effects will be of European Union membership on ‘women-friendly’ policies, the likelihood of negative consequences is very possible.
1999
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2392/1/002908_1.PDF
Sorensen, Kerstin. (1999) “Social Policy Convergence in Norway and Sweden: Does EU Membership Matter?”. In: UNSPECIFIED, Pittsburgh. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2392/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2549
2011-02-15T22:22:55Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:69646F7067:69646F7067646D706D
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"The 'European Social Model'"
Carter, Caitriona A.
general
decision making/policy-making
In the wake of the Treaty on European Union, there has been renewed interest in social policy within EU circles. Much of this renewed interest has materialised in high profile political arenas with appeals to the 'European social model.' The phrase is used in a large number of documents emanating from various Community institutions, European-level organisations and national Governments. This paper establishes an analytical framework to consider alternative conceptualisations of the 'European social model' and asks two key questions: how is the 'Europeans social model' being conceptualised in high level EC/EU discussions and in the policy documents themselves? What is significant about the way in which it is being conceptualised? Why, for example, are the Commission's and European Council's conceptualisations of this model significant? In fact, the phrase 'European social model' is misleading. Instead, the paper starts by talking about the 'European social bargain,' rather than the 'European social model,' and in particular, considers a crisis in the European social bargain. The paper does not attempt to consider in any detail the nature of both internal and external pressures on social policy in Europe. The focus is rather on the process of policy-making and the consideration of the 'European social bargain' as it is being conceptualised as a framework for further development of policy. There are two parts to the paper: the first establishes the analytical framework for the discussion of the 'European social bargain.' The second examines the slogan of the 'European social model' as developed at the Community level and as detailed in policy documents. The key question developed in the course of the paper is whether it is indeed possible to reconcile multi-tiered governance--and its policy output--with the rhetorical slogan of the 'European social model.'
1997
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2549/1/002870_1.PDF
Carter, Caitriona A. (1997) "The 'European Social Model'". In: UNSPECIFIED, Seattle, WA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2549/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2557
2011-02-15T22:22:57Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:443030316C61776C6567616C61666661697273
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:44303035303132
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:73706469736372696D696E6174696F6E6D696E6F726974696573
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303339:74706A6861706A63636D667265656D6F76656D656E74
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Ending borders: The politics separating law from policy on national discrimination"
Conant, Lisa.
free movement/border control
law & legal affairs-general (includes international law)
European Court of Justice/Court of First Instance
discrimination/minorities
Legal institutions offer very limited means to promote policy reforms and are difficult to access for many segments of society. These two characteristics render the policy effects of jurisprudence highly dependent on extra-judicial reactions. Responses from administrative and legislative institutions, other courts, individuals, and organized groups all operate to amplify or dilute judicial solutions. To illustrate the variable influence that the European Court of Justice exerts over policy outcomes in the EU, I discuss national discrimination as it relates to the free movement of persons.
1997
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2557/1/002844_1.PDF
Conant, Lisa. (1997) "Ending borders: The politics separating law from policy on national discrimination". In: UNSPECIFIED, Seattle, WA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2557/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2573
2011-02-15T22:23:02Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D41:41303239
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:65636F6E6F6D696366696E616E6369616C61666661697273:65666165636F6E6F6D6963706F6C696379
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Old divides, recent approaches, future bridges: Studying European economic and social policy"
Ebbinghaus, Bernhard
Fioretos, Karl-Orfeo.
economic policy
general
integration theory (see also researching and writing the EU in this section)
In this paper, our ambition is to contribute to the integration of the international and comparative perspectives in the context of EU studies. However, we extend the former discipline to include both contemporary research in international political economy (IPE) and classic European integration theory, and extend the latter discipline beyond comparative politics to include insights from comparative sociology. By combining these perspectives we go beyond old divides in EU studies to provide some suggestions as to where new bridges can be fruitfully built and where they are likely to be strong and lasting. While making use of the existing literature on European integration, we are primarily concerned with ascertaining the value of a number of contributions outside the study of Euro-politics which we think can play pivotal roles in bridging conceptual divides in EU studies, as well as more generally between the international and comparative perspectives. Our primary observation is that there are a number of intellectual affinities between contemporary comparative politics and sociology of advanced capitalist countries and contemporary IPE which have rarely been explored in EU studies, and which can be fruitfully exploited to create richer and theoretically more rigorous accounts of Euro-politics.
1997
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2573/1/002503_1.pdf
Ebbinghaus, Bernhard and Fioretos, Karl-Orfeo. (1997) "Old divides, recent approaches, future bridges: Studying European economic and social policy". In: UNSPECIFIED, Seattle, WA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2573/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2574
2011-02-15T22:23:02Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E646572706F6C696379
7375626A656374733D41:41303239
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Moral sovereignty and the European Union: Is gender equality a supranational concept?"
Edquist, Kristin A.
general
integration theory (see also researching and writing the EU in this section)
gender policy/equal opportunity
Recent analysis of European Union (EU) policy on women supports the historical institutionalist model of the EU as a multi-tiered supranational entity. This scholarship also indicates that in addition to examining the political and social effects of European integration on state sovereignty, its moral effects also require examination. What is the ethical significance of European integration? In this paper, I outline some of the key theoretical issues surrounding this question, such as whether states should be the ultimate arbiters of issues of justices, and whether policy on women ought to be made at the supranational level. To do so, I draw from communitarian theory and feminist theory. These different approaches suggest that the EU is not and perhaps cannot be a force for moral justice within member state borders. Interestingly, however, it appears that scholars may reach different conclusions according to the geographical location they examine. For example, feminists may support EU infringement of state sovereignty in the south, but may oppose it in the north. Moreover, the fact that some nonfeminist women's views of the EU coincide with at least one northern feminist perspective on the EU indicates that scholars must begin examining the effects of European integration on what I term state moral sovereignty. That is, we must begin analyzing the extent to which, and the conditions under which, European integration affects states' ability to advance, adjudicate, and defend certain notions of the good and of citizenship. The paper concludes with an outline of the questions raised by this project and with suggestions for possible areas of research.
1997
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2574/1/002487_1.PDF
Edquist, Kristin A. (1997) "Moral sovereignty and the European Union: Is gender equality a supranational concept?". In: UNSPECIFIED, Seattle, WA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2574/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2577
2011-02-15T22:23:03Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:706F6C69746963616C6166666169727331323334:70616666676F7665726E616E6365
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:69646F7067:69646F7067646D706D
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:69646F7067:69646F706768646F63
7375626A656374733D46:46303236
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Multi-level plus multi-actor: Co-operative governance in the European Union"
Falkner, Gerda.
historical development of EC (pre-1986)
U.K.
governance: EU & national level
general
decision making/policy-making
This paper aims to shed light on an area where particularly far-reaching changes in the participation of non-state actors occurred during the 1990s: EC social policy. There, we witness some signs of what was called neo-corporatism or 'social partnership' at the national level, i.e. a decision modus based on the collective agreement of organised interests and on their participation in governance and social guidance as co-responsible 'partners' (Schmitter 1981). This development is embedded in other changes in governance: the move towards cooperative public-private governance is only the most prominent aspect. The process of change in EC social policy concerned basically all characteristic elements of a 'system of governance' (Kohler-Koch). Thus, innovations occurred on the levels of: 1) belief systems about appropriate principles of action (shared responsibility between the European and the national levels with horizontal and vertical subsidiarity principles); 2) actor constellation (a few privileged interest groups are incorporated in EC decision-making on public policies); 3) decision-making routines (very specific processes are established); and 4) boundaries (territorial exclusion of the UK; functional exclusion of various aspects of social policy). This contribution will first outline the traditional patterns of EC social policy and briefly analyse failed efforts towards more co-operative governance patterns during the 1970s and 1980s. Only when a major change in EC social policy was believed inevitable during the 1991 IGC, the employers agreed to participate in a quasi-corporatist modus of governance. The changes in EC social policy governance brought about under the Maastricht Treaty will be outlined in detail before their practice shall be discussed . Subsequently, the changes will be put into the wider perspective of European governance.
1997
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2577/1/002833_1.PDF
Falkner, Gerda. (1997) "Multi-level plus multi-actor: Co-operative governance in the European Union". In: UNSPECIFIED, Seattle, WA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2577/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2593
2011-02-15T22:23:08Z
7374617475733D707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:627564676574706F6C696379
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303138:656C6D656D706C6F796D656E74756E656D706C6F796D656E74
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737077656C666172657374617465
74797065733D61727469636C65
Defusing the Employment Time Bomb: Increasing Employment Rates - A Key Policy Measure for Maintaining Sustainable Pension in Europe
Hessel, Roger.
welfare state
employment/unemployment
budgets & financing
Demographic changes and pressure on public finances are the main driving forces for reforms of welfare and pension systems in Europe. There are high-pitched calls – particularly from countries such as Austria, Italy, France, Germany and the United Kingdom – for attention to be re-focused on basic facts, arguments and interests. Reforming pension systems is one of the priorities of the current Italian Presidency. This article seeks to provide an introduction to the debate currently taking place in numerous current and future EU Member States. After a description of the main financing methods of pension systems, the role of the EU institutions in the pension reform process will be analysed. Further on, some light will be thrown on the need to reconsider the financial, social and employment implications of pension systems in Europe. Particular attention is given to the work-retirement process, i.e. the initiative to boost employment rates in order to increase contributions to social protection systems and to reduce public expenditure.
2003
Article
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2593/1/scop_3_4.pdf
Hessel, Roger. (2003) Defusing the Employment Time Bomb: Increasing Employment Rates - A Key Policy Measure for Maintaining Sustainable Pension in Europe. EPIAScope, 2003 (3). pp. 31-36.
http://aei.pitt.edu/2593/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2601
2011-02-15T22:23:09Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:69646F7067:69646F7067646D706D
7375626A656374733D41:41303239
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:69646F7067:69646F706767656E6572616C
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:6C6F626279696E67696E746572657374726570726573656E746174696F6E
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Interest groups, European integration, and the new institutionalism"
Gorges, Michael J.
lobbying/interest representation
general
general
integration theory (see also researching and writing the EU in this section)
decision making/policy-making
A new institutionalist perspective is the best framework for analyzing interest intermediation in the European Union (EU). Four institutional variables are crucial to the analysis: the EU's policy-making authority, formal institutions, policy-making procedures, and decision-making rules. These constitute the next context within which interest groups formulate their responses to integration. Nevertheless, these institutions do not determine interest groups' responses. Intraorganizational factors, such as intragroup bargaining, cost-benefit calculations by member, membership preferences and cohesion, the role played by national-level interest groups or firms, skillful leadership, learning, and simple desire to overcome national, regional, sectoral, ideological, cultural, and policy differences also shape a group's ability to respond to increased integration. While a new institutionalist perspective helps us understand the variety of patterns of interest intermediation in the EU, it also makes it difficult to predict the evolution of interest intermediation in the way the neo-functionalists did. We will, however, be able to answer two important questions: What institutions matter? How do they influence interest intermediation? We can thus explore the nature of policy-making and governance in the EU and shed new light on the ways the EU manages conflict between competing interests. After examining the role institutions play and the interest group response, this paper focuses on the possibilities for rationalization of interest intermediation and on a recent institutional change--the Social Policy Protocol--and its implications for interest intermediation.
1997
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2601/1/002822_1.PDF
Gorges, Michael J. (1997) "Interest groups, European integration, and the new institutionalism". In: UNSPECIFIED, Seattle, WA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2601/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2614
2011-02-15T22:23:13Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:443030316C61776C6567616C61666661697273
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E646572706F6C696379
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737077656C666172657374617465
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"The division of competence and regulation of sex equality in social protection in European Union social law"
Hervey, Tamara K.
law & legal affairs-general (includes international law)
welfare state
gender policy/equal opportunity
The general aim of this paper is to explore the development of European Union regulation of sex equality in social protection. 'Social protection' encompasses both social security and social assistance or welfare. It refers to the whole field of policy which ensures, either through private or public provision, at the very least that the basic needs of people (food, housing) required by human dignity are met. The social protection systems of Western democracies such as the member states of the EU aim to guarantee rather more protection especially against the risks entailed in withdrawal from the labour market. The paper's main focus of enquiry is Directive 79/7/EEC (the Directive), which provides for equality in state social security schemes. Related policy measures, in particular Article 119 EC and Directive 86/378/EEC (as amended), which regulate sex equality in occupational social security, will also be relevant in building up a picture of the development of the EU's sex equality measures in the whole field of social protection, whether publicly or privately provided.
1997
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2614/1/002813_1.PDF
Hervey, Tamara K. (1997) "The division of competence and regulation of sex equality in social protection in European Union social law". In: UNSPECIFIED, Seattle, WA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2614/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2630
2011-02-15T22:23:17Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:443030316C61776C6567616C61666661697273
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303138:656C6D696E647573747269616C6C61626F757272656C6174696F6E73
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:65636F6E6F6D696366696E616E6369616C61666661697273:65636F6E6F6D696366696E616E6369616C6166666169727362706561
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:44303035303132
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:44303035303135
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"From strike to Eurostrike: The Europeanization of social movements and the development of a Euro-Polity"
Imig, Doug
Tarrow, Sidney.
European Parliament
law & legal affairs-general (includes international law)
general
industrial/labour relations
business/private economic activity
European Court of Justice/Court of First Instance
A court decision is currently pending on the complaint lodged by the European Works Council (EWC) against Renault's failure to follow EWC directives (Reuters March 27, 1997). In Brussels, the courts have taken the necessary first steps to bring Renault before the European Court of Justice. And in a resolution adopted during their March plenary session, the European Parliament pronounced Renault's actions unacceptable (by a vote of 358-36). Still, Renault remains defiant, claiming that financial need justifies their actions. In the words of a Renault spokesperson, "the economic reality is what it is and cannot be compromised by decisions bearing on procedural issues" (Reuters April 3, 1997). The Renault affair may represent a new reality for social movements in Europe as they respond to the processes of integration. As Renault suggests, social movements may become transnational in their sources, processes, and outcomes.
1997
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2630/1/002805.PDF
Imig, Doug and Tarrow, Sidney. (1997) "From strike to Eurostrike: The Europeanization of social movements and the development of a Euro-Polity". In: UNSPECIFIED, Seattle, WA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2630/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2648
2011-02-15T22:23:21Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303033:44303033303038
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303138:656C6D696E647573747269616C6C61626F757272656C6174696F6E73
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303138:656C6D756E696F6E73
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"The construction of supranational collective bargaining: Why and how did they do it?"
Kim, Haknoh.
unions
Maastricht Treaty
general
industrial/labour relations
The paper challenges one of the central arguments of the pessimists on the prospects for social policy in the European Community (EC). The "pessimists on social Europe" have been skeptical about the possibility of constructing collective bargaining between organized labor and capital at a European level. I examine three critical developments in the recent history of EC social policy to gainsay the pessimistic view about the construction of collective bargaining at an EC level. First, the Social Protocol of the Maastricht Treaty, which set a cornerstone for institutionalizing collective bargaining at an EC level. Second, the European Works Council Directive case (1994), in which the first attempt at collective negotiation at a European level failed. Finally the Parental Leave Agreement (1995), the first ever framework agreement concluded between organized labor and capital at the EC level. To analyze how and why organized labor and capital came to engage in collective bargaining at a European level, I focus on the interactions in the 1990s between UNICE (Union of Industrial and Employers’ Confederations of Europe) on the capital side and the ETUC (European Trade Union Confederation) on the labor side and between them on the political authorities at the EC level.
1997
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2648/1/002793_1.PDF
Kim, Haknoh. (1997) "The construction of supranational collective bargaining: Why and how did they do it?". In: UNSPECIFIED, Seattle, WA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2648/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2653
2011-02-15T22:23:23Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:706F6C69746963616C6166666169727331323334:70616666676F7665726E616E6365
7375626A656374733D46:46303035
7375626A656374733D46:46303234
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303436
7375626A656374733D46:46303130
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:6575726F7065616E69736174696F6E6575726F7065616E697A6174696F6E6E6174696F6E616C6964656E74697479
7375626A656374733D46:46303135
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Domestic politics vs. the European Union: Alcohol, abortion, and drug policy"
Kurzer, Paulette.
governance: EU & national level
Ireland
europeanisation/europeanization & European identity
Finland
Netherlands
general
Sweden
public health policy (including global activities)
One of the greatest challenges in the post-Maastricht era is whether national governments of the member states of the European Union (EU) can protect national regulatory regimes, which are clearly at odds with Community law or international intergovernmental agreements. How do chief government executives balance the trends toward convergence with their belief that certain areas of government activities are unsuitable for Europeanization or deeper collaboration? My answer will be based upon the examples of abortion policy in Ireland, drug policy in the Netherlands, and alcohol control policy in Finland and Sweden, that national officials face an incredibly difficult task if they seek to shelter sensitive policy areas from European integration. They rely extensively on complicated diplomatic formulas to preserve domestic regulatory regimes, with however, mixed results. One solution is to create different ‘pillars’ (the way in which the Treaty of European Union is designed) in order to place sensitive domains of national sovereignty out of the jurisdiction of Community law and European actors. How do governments of these member states shelter areas of national importance that are exposed to Community law and supranational authority? Moreover, even in the intergovernmental pillars of the EU, cooperation is recommended and mandated for areas that individual national governments do not consider an appropriate field of activity for greater European collaboration and harmonization.
1997
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2653/1/002560_1.pdf
Kurzer, Paulette. (1997) "Domestic politics vs. the European Union: Alcohol, abortion, and drug policy". In: UNSPECIFIED, Seattle, WA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2653/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2672
2011-02-15T22:23:28Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303138:656C6D656D706C6F796D656E74756E656D706C6F796D656E74
7375626A656374733D44:44303032:696E7465726E6174696F6E616C7472616465
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"A policy dilemma: A strong social dimension for the EU or a commitment to free trade?"
McDonald, Frank.
employment/unemployment
general
international trade
The social policy of the EU is very different from the social policies of the member states. The EU has few powers in the areas such as social security payments, housing, health and social welfare systems because this is largely the responsibility of the governments of the member states. Furthermore, the EU does not have a large budget available for social policy programmes. Therefore, the EU cannot become significantly involved in large scale social policy expenditures. However, the EU does have significant powers to issue legislation in the area of employment rights and working conditions. Issuing legislation in these areas effectively passes the cost of attaining social objectives from taxpayers to companies, because employers have to comply with the requirements of legislation. The significant expansion of the social dimension of the integration process that the Commission was able to achieve in the late 1980s and the early 1990s led to a considerable expansion of legislation to enhance labour standards in the EU. The consequent increase in the cost of employing labour has significant implications for companies and for the future development of the social dimension. Companies that will find it difficult to compete with imports from countries with lower labour standards are likely to press for more protection from the instruments of the Common Commercial Policy. Therefore, the EU may find that it must abandon its commitment to the pursuit of open and competitive markets in the international trading system. In other words, the development of the social dimension has potentially very significant implications for the attitude and the policy stance that the EU adopts towards free trade.
1997
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2672/1/002778_1.PDF
McDonald, Frank. (1997) "A policy dilemma: A strong social dimension for the EU or a commitment to free trade?". In: UNSPECIFIED, Seattle, WA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2672/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2692
2011-02-15T22:23:34Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D46:46303037
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:73706469736372696D696E6174696F6E6D696E6F726974696573
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Unplanned resistance: Underprivileged minorities in a post-modern European Union"
O’Brien, Peter
discrimination/minorities
Germany
Post-modernity would seem to bode ill for immigrant communities in the European Union. Prominent theories of postmodern society, when analyzed in respect to the status of immigrants, pit several strikes against them. Taking as a given that the EU deserves the label "postmodern society," this essay discusses three such theories and draws out the implications of each for immigrants, particularly in Germany. The findings are anything but merry. If the theories prove true, immigrants should expect little or no improvement in their lot and, worse, deterioration. This said, I refuse to conclude the essay on a note of pure pessimism. Although I dismiss the likely success of planned, deliberate resistance to worsening conditions for immigrants, I point to unplanned spontaneous resistance which can be successful if not predictable.
1997
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2692/1/002761_1.PDF
O’Brien, Peter (1997) "Unplanned resistance: Underprivileged minorities in a post-modern European Union". In: UNSPECIFIED, Seattle, WA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2692/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2699
2011-02-15T22:23:36Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D46:46303036
7375626A656374733D46:46303037
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:69646F7067:69646F706768646F63
7375626A656374733D41:41303239
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:69646F7067:69646F706767656E6572616C
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"France and the social construction of Europe. Part I: France's Germany Policy and the Schumann Plan"
Parsons, Craig.
general
France
Germany
general
integration theory (see also researching and writing the EU in this section)
historical development of EC (pre-1986)
Was the Schuman Plan the rational realization of French interests in a changing environment, or a bold, new interpretation of French interests? This paper poses this question as the first step in a larger project about the ‘social construction’ of the French role in today’s European Union. I argue that the Schuman Plan did reflect a re-conceptualization of French interests, that I can point to what was re-conceptualized, and that I can demonstrate its institutionalization historically. In the language of social science, my dependent variable is French policy towards Germany; specifically, I wish to explain the timing and content of French policy initiatives. I study two competing independent variables. The Milwardian rationalist story sees changing environmental constraints as the source of changing French policies. The constructivist story traces change in French policies to the introduction and institutionalization of innovative ideas. The immediate goal of this paper is to show that only the latter adequately explains the Schuman Plan and the changes it represented in French government policies. While this is the logical first step in the ‘social construction of Europe,’ it is unfortunately far from a self-sufficient piece of that puzzle. As will be discussed below, a constructivist argument needs to demonstrate both the introduction of new ideas and their long-term effects. These long-term effects will only be displayed in the full study, covering the subsequent steps of European institution-building. This essay thus only begins the historical story of the effects of the Schuman Plan innovations.
1997
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2699/1/002551_1.PDF
Parsons, Craig. (1997) "France and the social construction of Europe. Part I: France's Germany Policy and the Schumann Plan". In: UNSPECIFIED, Seattle, WA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2699/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2713
2011-02-15T22:23:40Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303138:656C6D696E647573747269616C6C61626F757272656C6174696F6E73
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:65636F6E6F6D696366696E616E6369616C61666661697273:65636F6E6F6D696366696E616E6369616C6166666169727362706561
7375626A656374733D46:46303236
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:443030316C61776C6567616C61666661697273:443030316C61776C6567616C61666661697273636F6D706E6174696D70
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Implementing social policy: An interdisciplinary study of the implementation of the Works Council Directive in the United Kingdom"
Roberts, Ivor
Braaten, David.
U.K.
compliance/national implementation
general
industrial/labour relations
business/private economic activity
Critics of EU social policy argue that a common policy is not feasible because national practices are so different and are deeply imbedded in national culture and history. It is the purpose of this paper to test this assumption by studying the implementation of the European Works Council (EWC) in the UK. Obviously, the test is a limited one and should be regarded as a first attempt. Its findings are highly tentative. In addition, the study provides some preliminary insights into the feasibility of opt-out agreements. Can member states successfully exclude themselves from aspects of integration while at the same time participating in the overall integration effort? The UK is generally perceived as the country whose industrial relations traditions and current attitudes make implementation of EU social policy difficult, if not impossible. Moreover, the UK has the legal right not to enforce many aspects of EU social policy. Therefore, the UK poses the most difficult challenge to those who believe that European integration must have a social dimension. The research was conducted in five TNEs operating in the UK, four of which implemented the directive before September 22, 1996 (the cut-off date for voluntary compliance). Each of these corporations included representatives from their employees in the UK in their EWC although they were not required to do so. The study was a pilot project for a larger study of the implementation of social policy. The research included semi-structured interviews among British employees who are also representatives to the corporate EWC. In addition, discussions were held with members of the relevant European industrial committees. The questions asked in the interviews were designed to elicit insights into the role which culture plays in facilitating or obstructing policy implementation. The design of the questions was influenced by the work of G. Hofstede (1980; 1989).
1997
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2713/1/002745_1.PDF
Roberts, Ivor and Braaten, David. (1997) "Implementing social policy: An interdisciplinary study of the implementation of the Works Council Directive in the United Kingdom". In: UNSPECIFIED, Seattle, WA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2713/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2716
2011-02-15T22:23:41Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303033
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:44303035303130
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303138:656C6D756E696F6E73
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:6C6F626279696E67696E746572657374726570726573656E746174696F6E
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"The Commission as stimulator of interest representation: Two cases"
Ross, George.
lobbying/interest representation
unions
European Commission
general
agriculture policy
The European Commission receives all manner of assiduous interest group attention, particularly in those areas (which have grown substantially in the period since the early 1980s) where it makes important decisions and regulates key areas. There should be no mystery, therefore, why national and transnational agricultural lobbies and groups like employers’ associations and chambers of commerce spend substantial resources following and interacting with the Commission. This kind of interest representation is obviously of great importance, and most of it looks very much like what occurs within national states. Groups with stakes in specific decisional outcomes try to shape and influence these outcomes. From the Commission’s point of view listening to these groups is a fundamental task, indeed in many such areas, like agriculture, it is a mandatory one. The study of this standard kind of interest representation is as old as the Commission itself, even though much more work is needed, in particular on the degree to which interest groups focus on the Commission and other Euro-level instances actually increases a group’s stake in European integration.
1997
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2716/1/002742_1.PDF
Ross, George. (1997) "The Commission as stimulator of interest representation: Two cases". In: UNSPECIFIED, Seattle, WA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2716/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2726
2011-02-15T22:23:44Z
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74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Social policy and citizenship in the European Union"
Shaw, Jo.
general
European citizenship
This paper undertakes a preliminary analysis of the relationship between social policy in the European Union and the gradual emergence of concepts of ‘citizenship’ or ‘membership’ at EU level. To this end it tests the extent to which three dimensions of a concept of social citizenship are represented in visible outputs from law-making processes in relation to the specific ‘social’ goals of the EC/EU (market citizenship, industrial citizenship, and welfare citizenship). This paper concentrates primarily on the search for a form of inclusionary social citizenship which can contribute to both the identity and rights-holding aspects of the constitution of the citizen of the EU. The political dimension is largely left aside, even though one underlying assumption of the paper is that a gradual transformation of the EU is something more than an international regime, namely a form of (as yet unspecified) multi-level polity is underway, even though neither the nature of that transformation in political or constitutional terms nor indeed the possible end-point of the transformation (if indeed there is one) have yet to be fully explored. Consequently, the paper does not discuss the issues raised by problems of governance, democracy and political participation in the EU, even though these are essential components of any citizenship-driven analysis.
1997
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2726/1/002734_1.PDF
Shaw, Jo. (1997) "Social policy and citizenship in the European Union". In: UNSPECIFIED, Seattle, WA. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2726/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2758
2011-02-15T22:23:53Z
7374617475733D756E707562
7375626A656374733D44:44303035:69646F7067:69646F706768646F63
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Experiencing the system: Social integration in the European Union"
Winston, Nessa.
general
historical development of EC (pre-1986)
There is considerable debate about the effects of European integration on different forms of identification (sub-national, national and European). Using European survey data, this paper examines identification change in the European Union (EU) between 1973 and 1990. The results show that identification has remained fairly static during this period. In particular, the fact that European identification is low and has not increased over time suggests that social integration in the EU is very limited. This paper also advances and tests a conceptual framework for the study of European identification. My main hypothesis is that the more European citizens experience the EU in their daily lives, the more likely they will be to identify with it. The types of experiences examined include social, economic and cultural experiences and evaluations of these experiences compared with those of the nation state. Empirical findings support this hypothesis.
1997
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2758/1/002538.PDF
Winston, Nessa. (1997) "Experiencing the system: Social integration in the European Union". In: UNSPECIFIED, Seattle, Washington. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2758/
oai:aei.pitt.edu:2814
2011-02-15T22:24:03Z
7374617475733D756E707562
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7375626A656374733D44:44303035:69646F7067:69646F7067646D706D
7375626A656374733D44:44303031:44303031303335:737067656E6572616C
74797065733D636F6E666572656E63655F6974656D
"Tackling social exclusion through OMC: Reshaping the boundaries of EU governance"
Armstrong, Kenneth A.
governance: EU & national level
general
decision making/policy-making
This [paper] explores the application of the open method of co-ordination (OMC) to the fight against poverty and social exclusion. Whereas other contributions to this volume examine OMC from the perspective of its problem-solving potential, the aim of this (paper] is to analyse the institutional aspects of the process by considering three levels of analysis: the systemic level of discourses, norms and values; the organisational, procedural and substantive levels of policy development; and the level of action interpreted in terms of the mobilization of civil society actors. The OMC process in this field is a prime example of the development of a "new mode of governance" in the EU repertoire which reshapes the boundaries of EU governance. It cuts across the law/politics boundary in the sense that, although "hard law" solutions of EU legislative action are excluded, nonetheless, OMC may itself stimulate domestic legal changes or be used as a means of giving effect to even fundamental legal norms. It cuts across the boundaries of national/EU governance by engaging both levels in a process of knowledge generation, policy innovation and mutual learning. And if successful, the process could make a significant contribution to the reshaping of the most important boundary: that between those socially, politically and economically included in due benefits of European integration, and those excluded.
2003
Conference or Workshop Item
NonPeerReviewed
application/pdf
http://aei.pitt.edu/2814/1/081.pdf
Armstrong, Kenneth A. (2003) "Tackling social exclusion through OMC: Reshaping the boundaries of EU governance". In: UNSPECIFIED, Nashville, TN. (Unpublished)
http://aei.pitt.edu/2814/metadataPrefix%3Doai_dc%26offset%3D2815%26set%3D7375626A656374733D44%253A44303031%253A44303031303335